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Katayama, N., Baba, Y. G., Kusumoto, Y., & Tanaka, K (2015)
A review of post-war changes in rice farming and biodiversity in Japan
Title: A review of post-war changes in rice farming and biodiversity in Japan
Authors: Katayama, N., Baba, Y. G., Kusumoto, Y., & Tanaka, K
Journal: Agricultural Systems
Year: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.09.001
Species or groups: Amphibians, fishes, waterbirds
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/139
Abstract: Flooded rice fields can provide habitats for wetland species and ecosystem services similar to those of
natural wetlands. During the last three decades, however, farming practices and management systems
have been intensified in many rice-producing countries. In addition, more recent socioeconomic changes
have caused agricultural abandonment in some parts of East and Southeast Asian countries such as Japan.
This study reviewed long-term statistics on rice farming, as well as the impact of agricultural intensification
and abandonment on farmland biodiversity at multiple spatial scales in Japan. The impact of pesticide
use was greatest in the 1950s–1970s, when the use of highly toxic agents had not yet been prohibited.
More recently, different components of agricultural intensification have been the largest threat for various
taxa, for example, chemical pesticides for aquatic plants and invertebrates and modern efficient irrigation/
drainage systems for amphibians, fishes, and waterbirds. The negative impacts of agricultural abandonment
on farmland species have been rapidly increasing with the expansion of abandoned fields and the subsequent
vegetation succession and loss of habitat heterogeneity. We also discuss the effectiveness of
environmentally friendly farming practices, including the reduced use of pesticides, winter paddy flooding,
and installation of fishways, to reduce the negative impacts of agricultural intensification on farmland
species in rice-paddy landscapes.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Pander, J., & Geist, J. (2013)
Ecological indicators for stream restoration success
Title: Ecological indicators for stream restoration success
Authors: Pander, J., & Geist, J.
Journal: Ecological Indicators
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.039
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Exploitation of freshwater resources is essential for sustenance of human existence and alteration of rivers, lakes and wetlands has facilitated economic development for centuries. Consequently, freshwater biodiversity is critically threatened, with stream ecosystems being the most heavily affected. To improve the status of freshwater habitats, e.g. in the context of the European Water Framework Directive and the US Clean Water Act, it is essential to implement the most effective restoration measures and identify the most suitable indicators for restoration success. Herein, several active and passive bioindication approaches are reviewed in light of existing legal frameworks, current targets and applicable implementation of river restoration. Such approaches should move from the use of single biological indicators to more holistic ecological indicators simultaneously addressing communities, multiple life stages and habitat properties such as water quality, substrate composition and stream channel morphology. The proposed Proceeding Chain of Restoration (PCoR) can enable the integration of natural scientific, political and socioeconomic dimensions for restoration of aquatic ecosystems and associated services. Generally, an analysis that combines target species-based active bioindication with community-based passive bioindication and multivariate statistics seems to be most suitable for a holistic evaluation of restoration success, as well as for the monitoring of stream ecosystem health. Since the response of biological communities to changing environmental conditions can differ between taxonomic groups and rivers, assessments at the ecosystem scale should include several levels of biological organisation. A stepwise evaluation of the primary factors inducing disturbance or degradation is needed to integrate increasing levels of complexity from water quality assessments to the evaluation of ecological function. The proposed PCoR can provide a step-by-step guide for restoration ecologists, comprising all planning steps from the determination of the conservation objectives to the use of ecological indicators in post-restoration monitoring.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Van den Broeck, M., Waterkeyn, A., Rhazi, L., Grillas, P., & Brendonck, L. (2015)
Assessing the ecological integrity of endorheic wetlands, with focus on Mediterranean temporary ponds
Title: Assessing the ecological integrity of endorheic wetlands, with focus on Mediterranean temporary ponds
Authors: Van den Broeck, M., Waterkeyn, A., Rhazi, L., Grillas, P., & Brendonck, L.
Journal: Ecological Indicators
Year: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.02.016
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: EU countries are required to perform an assessment of all freshwater habitats larger than 50 ha by 2015 to meet the requirements set by the Water Framework Directive (2000). To achieve this, an array of indicators and multimetric indices has been developed to monitor European waters. In general, these indicators are developed for large water bodies, while they are still largely lacking for smaller wetlands. This is in contrast with the conservation value, valuable ecosystem services and the often unique biodiversity of these systems, and the fact that like large (>50 ha) wetlands they are also covered by the Ramsar Convention. In (semi) arid regions, such as the Mediterranean basin, small water bodies are often of a temporary nature, are abundant and provide an important source of water for the local people, their livestock and agriculture. The quantity and quality of temporary wetlands are, however, decreasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Although some monitoring techniques were recently proposed, there is still an urgent need for a consistent policy and a user friendly set of monitoring tools for temporary wetlands that can be applied in different regions. In the following review, we present a whole range of indicators used to monitor different types of freshwater habitats, and discuss how some of these methods could be applied to temporary wetlands. Finally, we formulate some recommendations for temporary wetland monitoring and conservation.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Heino, J. (2010)
Are indicator groups and cross-taxon congruence useful for predicting biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems?
Title: Are indicator groups and cross-taxon congruence useful for predicting biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems?
Authors: Heino, J.
Journal: Ecological Indicators
Year: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.04.013
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Resources for biodiversity surveys and conservation planning are limited, and conservation biologists and environmental managers are thus striving to find suitable surrogates for mapping and predicting biodiversity. Among popular surrogates are indicator groups that could be used for predicting variation in the biodiversity of other taxonomic groups. Despite some success at large scales, surveys of multiple taxonomic groups across ecosystems have suggested that no single group can be used effectively to predict variation in the biodiversity of other taxonomic groups. This paper concentrates on indicator groups and cross-taxon congruence in species richness and assemblage composition patterns in inland aquatic ecosystems. As has been found in studies of terrestrial ecosystems, there is low utility for indicator groups in predicting the biodiversity of other taxa in aquatic ecosystems. Even when statistically highly significant correlations between taxonomic groups have been detected, these correlations have been too weak to provide reliable predictions of biodiversity among various taxonomic groups or biodiversity in general. Indicator groups and, more generally, cross-taxon congruence thus do not appear to be particularly relevant for conservation in the freshwater realm.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Huang, X., Lu, M., & Chen, J. (2014)
Applications of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning
Title: Applications of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning
Authors: Huang, X., Lu, M., & Chen, J.
Journal: Chinese Science Bulletin
Year: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0444-x
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is a widely accepted biodiversity-focused approach to selecting priority areas for protection. Since freshwater ecosystems are globally in urgent need of more conservation and the development of freshwater protected areas has lagged behind such need, SCP is proposed to be widely applied in freshwater conservation. As SCP originates from terrestrial realms, freshwater-specific characteristics should be considered when applied to freshwater systems. The challenges mainly include difficulty in data collection for freshwater species and uncertainty in classification of coarse-filters for representation, while also considering the maintenance of natural connectivity in fresh waters and taking longitudinal, lateral, and climate-change-caused threats into account. Only by addressing these issues may the representativeness and persistence of freshwater biodiversity be ensured in the proposed conservation network. Though challenging at times, the application of systematic approaches in freshwater conservation planning has been widely attempted throughout the last 12 years and applied in different freshwater ecosystems at different scales. In addition, the consideration of freshwater-specific issues has been becoming more and more comprehensive. This review divides the whole process of SCP into successive steps while discussing detailed applications of freshwater planning at each step. First, according to the review, each step attempts to explore many alternatives, such as using surrogates from the species level to the ecosystem level (or a combination within this range) to represent the spatial variation of freshwater biodiversity, deriving raw data from various sources to use for planning, applying different techniques to expand or integrate data, setting various target forms to ensure representativeness or persistence, considering existing protected areas in different ways in the process of planning, using priority principles in various paradigms for both representativeness and persistence, and applying several types of software to the final design of the protection network. Second, applications in each step (except “setting representative targets”) have been more or less tried in considering freshwater-specific issues. For representativeness issues, accepting various sources of information and attempting different ways of data reduction are the main approaches to solving these challenges. For persistence issues, identifying the main ecological processes and threats in freshwater systems and involving them in the process of prioritization are major concerns, and setting targets or priority principles are key steps for taking these persistence issues into account. Finally, more systematic conservation of freshwater systems and new or improved alternatives of each step are expected to enrich this field of study.
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Craig, L.S., Olden, J.D., Arthington, A.H., Entrekin, S., Hawkins, C.P., Kelly, J.J., Kennedy, T.A., Maitland, B.M., Rosi, E.J., Roy, A.H. and Strayer, D.L. (2017)
Meeting the challenge of interacting threats in freshwater ecosystems: A call to scientists and managers
Title: Meeting the challenge of interacting threats in freshwater ecosystems: A call to scientists and managers
Authors: Craig, L.S., Olden, J.D., Arthington, A.H., Entrekin, S., Hawkins, C.P., Kelly, J.J., Kennedy, T.A., Maitland, B.M., Rosi, E.J., Roy, A.H. and Strayer, D.L.
Journal: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.256
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Human activities create threats that have consequences for freshwater ecosystems and, in most watersheds, observed ecological responses are the result of complex interactions among multiple threats and their associated ecological alterations. Here we discuss the value of considering multiple threats in research and management, offer suggestions for filling knowledge gaps, and provide guidance for addressing the urgent management challenges posed by multiple threats in freshwater ecosystems. There is a growing literature assessing responses to multiple alterations, and we build off this background to identify three areas that require greater attention: linking observed alterations to threats, understanding when and where threats overlap, and choosing metrics that best quantify the effects of multiple threats. Advancing science in these areas will help us understand existing ecosystem conditions and predict future risk from multiple threats. Because addressing the complex issues and novel ecosystems that arise from the interaction of multiple threats in freshwater ecosystems represents a significant management challenge, and the risks of management failure include loss of biodiversity, ecological goods, and ecosystem services, we also identify actions that could improve decision-making and management outcomes. These actions include drawing insights from management of individual threats, using threat attributes (e.g., causes and spatio-temporal dynamics) to identify suitable management approaches, testing management strategies that are likely to be successful despite uncertainties about the nature of interactions among threats, avoiding unintended consequences, and maximizing conservation benefits. We also acknowledge the broadly applicable challenges of decision-making within a socio-political and economic framework, and suggest that multidisciplinary teams will be needed to innovate solutions to meet the current and future challenge of interacting threats in freshwater ecosystems.
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Zhang, H., Li, J. Y., Wu, J. M., Wang, C. Y., Du, H., Wei, Q. W., & Kang, M. (2017)
Ecological effects of the first dam on Yangtze main stream and future conservation recommendations: A review of the past 60 years
Title: Ecological effects of the first dam on Yangtze main stream and future conservation recommendations: A review of the past 60 years
Authors: Zhang, H., Li, J. Y., Wu, J. M., Wang, C. Y., Du, H., Wei, Q. W., & Kang, M.
Journal: Applied Ecology and Environmental Research
Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1504_20812097
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The Gezhouba Dam was the first and lowermost dam on the major stem of the Yangtze River.
Up to now, the dam has been operating for more than 35 years. The time period was a fast economic
development stage in the Yangtze basin. Therefore, the entire Yangtze aquatic ecosystem has been highly
affected by various anthropogenic activities. Especially, the fish population and distribution in the
Yangtze River have been largely altered. This study reviews the ecological effects of the Gezhouba Dam
to the Yangtze aquatic biodiversity for the past 60 years based on literatures. It was concluded that the
pre-assessment of the Gezhouba Dam on Yangtze fishes in 1970s was appropriate. Blocking the
migration of migratory fishes, such as Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis, and the four major Chinese
carps, was a critical adverse effect. Currently, the Yangtze aquatic biodiversity is facing further problems
not only the existence of the Gezhouba Dam but also anthropogenic activities. Effective and practical
protected measures are recommended and should be conducted urgently to rescue the Yangtze aquatic
biodiversity.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Theis, S., Ruppert, J. L., Roberts, K. N., Minns, C. K., Koops, M., & Poesch, M. S. (2020)
Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters
Title: Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters
Authors: Theis, S., Ruppert, J. L., Roberts, K. N., Minns, C. K., Koops, M., & Poesch, M. S.
Journal: Conservation Biology
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13343
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Land‐use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Roux, D. J., & Nel, J. L. (2013)
Freshwater conservation planning in South Africa: Milestones to date and catalysts for implementation
Title: Freshwater conservation planning in South Africa: Milestones to date and catalysts for implementation
Authors: Roux, D. J., & Nel, J. L.
Journal: Water SA
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v39i1.15
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Since the 1970s, at approximately 10-year intervals, 4 national-scale freshwater conservation plans have been developed for South Africa. These 4 plans reflect different but broadly advancing approaches to conservation planning. We provide an overview of 3 historical plans and a more detailed discussion of the most recent plan which is based on a systematic approach. The main principles of systematic conservation planning, namely, to achieve representation, persistence and efficiency, are introduced. We then describe how these principles were used to develop National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (FEPAs) for the whole of South Africa. A strong implementation orientation influenced the development of FEPAs. End users were engaged throughout the planning process and map products were designed with user needs as well as relevant policy and legal contexts in mind. We believe that the process that was followed in developing FEPAs marks a new level of implementation-driven planning. Remaining constraints to effective implementation now lie mainly on the side of the receiving environment – i.e. the operating environments of those agencies with mandates to manage and conserve freshwater ecosystems. To this end we highlight 4 potential catalysts for effective implementation in the receiving environment, namely, absorptive capacity, multi-party cooperation, science extension and adaptive management. We conclude by calling for a new and broad research initiative linked to implementing FEPAs.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Sundar, S., Heino, J., Roque, F.D.O., Simaika, J.P., Melo, A.S., Tonkin, J.D., Gomes Nogueira, D., & Silva, D.P. (2020)
Conservation of freshwater macroinvertebrate biodiversity in tropical regions
Title: Conservation of freshwater macroinvertebrate biodiversity in tropical regions
Authors: Sundar, S., Heino, J., Roque, F.D.O., Simaika, J.P., Melo, A.S., Tonkin, J.D., Gomes Nogueira, D., & Silva, D.P.
Journal: Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3326
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: 1. Motivated by recent global initiatives for biodiversity conservation and restoration,
this article reviews the gaps in our understanding of, and the challenges facing,
freshwater macroinvertebrate biodiversity and conservation in tropical
regions.
2. This study revealed a lack of adequate taxonomic, phylogenetic, and ecological
information for most macroinvertebrate groups, and consequently there are largescale
knowledge gaps regarding the response of macroinvertebrate diversity to
potential climate change and other human impacts in tropical regions.
3. We propose ideas to reduce the impact of key drivers of declines in
macroinvertebrate biodiversity, including habitat degradation and loss, hydrological
alteration, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and the multiple
impacts of climate change.
4. The review also provides recommendations to enhance conservation planning in
these systems (as well as providing clear management plans at local, regional, and
national levels), integrated catchment management, the formulation of regulatory
measures, the understanding of the determinants of macroinvertebrate diversity
across multiple scales and taxonomic groups, and the collaboration between
researchers and conservation professionals.
5. It is suggested that the integrated use of macroinvertebrate biodiversity information
in biomonitoring can improve ecosystem management. This goal can be facilitated
in part by conservation psychology, marketing, and the use of the media
and the Internet.
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Blanchet, S., Prunier, J.G., Paz‐Vinas, I., Saint‐Pé, K., Rey, O., Raffard, A., Mathieu‐Bégné, E., Loot, G., Fourtune, L., & Dubut, V (2020)
A river runs through it: The causes, consequences, and management of intraspecific diversity in river networks
Title: A river runs through it: The causes, consequences, and management of intraspecific diversity in river networks
Authors: Blanchet, S., Prunier, J.G., Paz‐Vinas, I., Saint‐Pé, K., Rey, O., Raffard, A., Mathieu‐Bégné, E., Loot, G., Fourtune, L., & Dubut, V
Journal: Evolutionary Applications
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12941
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Rivers are fascinating ecosystems in which the eco-evolutionary dynamics of organisms
are constrained by particular features, and biologists have developed a wealth of
knowledge about freshwater biodiversity patterns. Over the last 10 years, our group
used a holistic approach to contribute to this knowledge by focusing on the causes
and consequences of intraspecific diversity in rivers. We conducted empirical works
on temperate permanent rivers from southern France, and we broadened the scope
of our findings using experiments, meta-analyses, and simulations. We demonstrated
that intraspecific (genetic) diversity follows a spatial pattern (downstream increase
in diversity) that is repeatable across taxa (from plants to vertebrates) and river systems.
This pattern can result from interactive processes that we teased apart using
appropriate simulation approaches. We further experimentally showed that intraspecific
diversity matters for the functioning of river ecosystems. It indeed affects not
only community dynamics, but also key ecosystem functions such as litter degradation.
This means that losing intraspecific diversity in rivers can yield major ecological
effects. Our work on the impact of multiple human stressors on intraspecific diversity
revealed that—in the studied river systems—stocking of domestic (fish) strains
strongly and consistently alters natural spatial patterns of diversity. It also highlighted
the need for specific analytical tools to tease apart spurious from actual relationships
in the wild. Finally, we developed original conservation strategies at the basin scale
based on the systematic conservation planning framework that appeared pertinent
for preserving intraspecific diversity in rivers. We identified several important research
avenues that should further facilitate our understanding of patterns of local
adaptation in rivers, the identification of processes sustaining intraspecific biodiversity–
ecosystem function relationships, and the setting of reliable conservation plans.
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Comte, L., Buisson, L., Daufresne, M., & Grenouillet, G. (2013)
Climate‐induced changes in the distribution of freshwater fish: observed and predicted trends
Title: Climate‐induced changes in the distribution of freshwater fish: observed and predicted trends
Authors: Comte, L., Buisson, L., Daufresne, M., & Grenouillet, G.
Journal: Freshwater Biology
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12081
Species or groups: Fish
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: 1. Climate change could be one of the main threats faced by aquatic ecosystems and freshwater biodiversity. Improved understanding, monitoring and forecasting of its effects are thus crucial for researchers, policy makers and biodiversity managers.
2. Here, we provide a review and some meta‐analyses of the literature reporting both observed and predicted climate‐induced effects on the distribution of freshwater fish. After reviewing three decades of research, we summarise how methods in assessing the effects of climate change have evolved, and whether current knowledge is geographically or taxonomically biased. We conducted multispecies qualitative and quantitative analyses to find out whether the observed responses of freshwater fish to recent changes in climate are consistent with those predicted under future climate scenarios.
3. We highlight the fact that, in recent years, freshwater fish distributions have already been affected by contemporary climate change in ways consistent with anticipated responses under future climate change scenarios: the range of most cold‐water species could be reduced or shift to higher altitude or latitude, whereas that of cool‐ and warm‐water species could expand or contract.
4. Most evidence about the effects of climate change is underpinned by the large number of studies devoted to cold‐water fish species (mainly salmonids). Our knowledge is still incomplete, however, particularly due to taxonomic and geographic biases.
5. Observed and expected responses are well correlated among families, suggesting that model predictions are supported by empirical evidence. The observed effects are of greater magnitude and show higher variability than the predicted effects, however, indicating that other drivers of changes may be interacting with climate and seriously affecting freshwater fish.
6. Finally, we suggest avenues of research required to address current gaps in what we know about the climate‐induced effects on freshwater fish distribution, including (i) the need for more long‐term data analyses, (ii) the assessment of climate‐induced effects at higher levels of organisation (e.g. assemblages), (iii) methodological improvements (e.g. accounting for uncertainty among projections and species’ dispersal abilities, combining both distributional and empirical approaches and including multiple non‐climatic stressors) and (iv) systematic confrontation of observed versus predicted effects across multi‐species assemblages and at several levels of biological organisation (i.e. populations and assemblages).
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Figueroa, R., Bonada, N., Guevara, M., Pedreros, P., Correa-Araneda, F., Díaz, M.E., & Ruiz, V.H. (2013)
Freshwater biodiversity and conservation in mediterranean climate streams of Chile
Title: Freshwater biodiversity and conservation in mediterranean climate streams of Chile
Authors: Figueroa, R., Bonada, N., Guevara, M., Pedreros, P., Correa-Araneda, F., Díaz, M.E., & Ruiz, V.H.
Journal: Hydrobiologia
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1685-4
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: In Chile, mediterranean climate conditions only occur in the Central Zone (ChMZ). Despite its small area, this mediterranean climate region (med-region) has been recognised as a hotspot for biodiversity. However, in contrast to the rivers of other med-regions, the rivers in the ChMZ have been studied infrequently, and knowledge of their freshwater biodiversity is scarce and fragmented. We gathered information on the freshwater biodiversity of ChMZ, and present a review of the current knowledge of the principal floral and faunal groups. Existing knowledge indicates that the ChMZ has high levels of endemism, with many primitive species being of Gondwanan origin. Although detailed information is available on most floral groups, most faunal groups remain poorly known. In addition, numerous rivers in the ChMZ remain completely unexplored. Taxonomic specialists are scarce, and the information available on freshwater biodiversity has resulted from studies with objectives that did not directly address biodiversity issues. Research funding in this med-region has a strong applied character and is not focused on the knowledge of natural systems and their biodiversity. Species conservation policies are urgently required in this highly diverse med-region, which is also the most severely impacted and most populated region of the country.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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De Moor, F.C., & Day, J.A. (2013)
Aquatic biodiversity in the mediterranean region of South Africa
Title: Aquatic biodiversity in the mediterranean region of South Africa
Authors: De Moor, F.C., & Day, J.A.
Journal: Hydrobiologia
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1488-7
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The Cape mediterranean region, part of South Africa’s Cape Floristic Realm (CFR), is recognised for its rich diversity and high degree of endemism of terrestrial vegetation. We review the biodiversity of the aquatic flora and fauna using literature sources and museum data. Geological, palaeohistorical and climate data are examined in relation to the formation of the winter-rainfall regime. Prehistoric humans had minimal impact on the aquatic biotas. Patterns and processes relating to the present-day climate, ecosystem status, distribution and diversity of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates in the CFR are reviewed. The proportion of endemic CFR species relative to the total number of species known from southern Africa is estimated. Observed distribution patterns are evaluated against temperate Gondwana vicariance, old African migrations, the role of the ancient Cape fold mountains and Pangaea. The lack of Pleistocene glaciations in Africa, the oligotrophic nature of the river systems and the palaeohistorical origin and distribution of taxa are considered when assessing reasons for disjunct distribution patterns. Impacts of anthropogenic interference with aquatic ecosystems are evaluated. Fragmented jurisdiction of nature conservation authorities is seen as a problem for attaining adequate conservation of CFR aquatic ecosystems. Systematic conservation planning is under way for the region.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Davies, P.M. and Stewart, B.A. (2013)
Aquatic biodiversity in the Mediterranean climate rivers of southwestern Australia
Title: Aquatic biodiversity in the Mediterranean climate rivers of southwestern Australia
Authors: Davies, P.M. and Stewart, B.A.
Journal: Hydrobiologia
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1600-z
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Southwestern Australia is recognised as a global biodiversity hotspot, characterised by high diversity and endemism of vascular terrestrial plants. However, the significance of its freshwater biodiversity is not well understood. This review provides an updated account of species richness in rivers in the Mediterranean region (med-region) of southwestern Australia. Taxonomic knowledge of many aquatic invertebrate groups in this region has improved significantly in the last two decades as a result of ecological surveys and government funding for taxonomic research. Of the 662 species of plants and animals surveyed, 43% were found to be endemic to the region, yet when taxonomic groups were considered separately, levels of endemism were varied. To date, few aquatic species from the med-region are listed as threatened; however, many more species would be expected to be included if assessed against appropriate criteria. Conservation efforts are focussed on climate change mitigation and managing the impacts of broad scale land clearing for agriculture. Reserve design and location of important nature reserves on the extreme south coast, limits the ability for species’ movement to cooler, wetter regions. This will necessitate supporting restoration which leads to increased resilience in freshwater ecosystems to withstand the combined effects of climate change and land use.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Nicacio, G., & Juen, L. (2015)
Chironomids as indicators in freshwater ecosystems: an assessment of the literature
Title: Chironomids as indicators in freshwater ecosystems: an assessment of the literature
Authors: Nicacio, G., & Juen, L.
Journal: Insect Conservation and Diversity
Year: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12123
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Freshwater assessment studies have been used changes on individuals and populations of Chironomidae assemblages as bioindicators to assay aquatic ecosystems changes and environmental quality. To assess the contribution of the studies with this family to response aquatic environmental changes, we carried out a scientometric analysis of the papers published from 1992 to 2012.
We imported papers from ISI Web of Knowledge database (Thomson Reuters) in November 2013. A total of 2967 papers were evaluated and we carried out descriptive analysis to assay the main trends on Chironomidae research in freshwater assessments.
The main ideas and approaches in these studies were related to the impact of human influence on aquatic ecosystems and the status of conservation of this environments, as well as to limitations and difficulties in the applications of the assessments.
In view of our results, we suggest some ideas to contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems, mainly in threatened environments in southern Hemisphere countries. However, Chironomidae identification for assessing aquatic environments, as well as the limitations of suitable tools and metrics, which still are strong issues that need more attention to make more robust approaches to assay aquatic ecosystems.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Cowx, I.G., Arlinghaus, R., & Cooke, S.J. (2010)
Harmonizing recreational fisheries and conservation objectives for aquatic biodiversity in inland waters
Title: Harmonizing recreational fisheries and conservation objectives for aquatic biodiversity in inland waters
Authors: Cowx, I.G., Arlinghaus, R., & Cooke, S.J.
Journal: Journal of Fish Biology
Year: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02686.x
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The importance of recreational fisheries to local and national economies, and as a generator of immense social welfare throughout the developed world, is well established. Development in the sector and its interaction with non‐fishery‐related nature conservation objectives for aquatic biodiversity, however, have the potential to generate conflict. This article reviews the intersection between recreational fisheries and nature conservation goals for aquatic biodiversity with specific reference to inland waters in industrialized countries, and the principal management activities and constraints that can lead to conflicts. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was used to review the issues facing sectoral development and identify options for future advancement of recreational fisheries to ameliorate potential conflicts with nature conservation goals. It is concluded that reconciliation of recreational fisheries and modern conservation perspectives is both possible and desirable, because many conservation problems also benefit fisheries quality. Angler buy‐in to conservation is probable if (1) management scales are small, (2) threats to conservation originate from outside the fisheries sectors and (3) ecological awareness for the conservation problem is high. If these aspects are not present, reconciliation of recreational fisheries and nature conservation goals is less likely, risking both the aquatic biodiversity and the future of angling. To address these issues, enforcement of legislation and continued communication with angler communities is necessary, as well as development of integrated management policies that build on the instrumental values of aquatic biodiversity for recreational fisheries, while curtailing the more insidious threats to such biodiversity that originate directly from the recreational fisheries sector.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Olden, J.D., Kennard, M.J., Leprieur, F., Tedesco, P.A., Winemiller, K.O., & García‐Berthou, E (2010)
Conservation biogeography of freshwater fishes: recent progress and future challenges
Title: Conservation biogeography of freshwater fishes: recent progress and future challenges
Authors: Olden, J.D., Kennard, M.J., Leprieur, F., Tedesco, P.A., Winemiller, K.O., & García‐Berthou, E
Journal: Biodiversity Research
Year: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00655.x
Species or groups: Fish
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Aim: To identify key research questions and challenges that will, if addressed in a timely manner, significantly advance the field of freshwater fish biogeography and conservation.
Location: Globe.
Methods: By drawing on expertise from different regions of the world, we integrate an illustrative conspectus of recent scientific advancements in fish biogeography with a prospectus of needed areas of scientific inquiry to identify information gaps and priority research needs to advance the science.
Results: We identified the following core challenges: (1) Testing current and forging new theories in biogeography; (2) Advancing a trait‐based biogeography of freshwater fishes; (3) Quantifying extinction risk and loss of fish species in a changing environment; (4) Evaluating the magnitude and geography of extinction debt for freshwater fishes; (5) Elucidating the patterns and drivers of freshwater fish invasions; (6) Forecasting the future geography of freshwater fishes; (7) Understanding the interactive effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems; (8) Quantifying new features of the biodiversity crisis: fish faunal homogenization and the emergence of novel assemblages; (9) Promoting scientific rigour in emerging freshwater fish conservation strategies and (10) Improving conservation planning strategies for freshwater fish species.
Main conclusions: By reflecting on recent scientific progress in fish conservation biogeography, we have identified a set of core challenges and priorities requiring future research investment.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Rodríguez-Barreras, R., Zapata-Arroyo, C., Falcón L, W., & Olmeda, M.D.L. (2020)
An island invaded by exotics: a review of freshwater fish in Puerto Rico
Title: An island invaded by exotics: a review of freshwater fish in Puerto Rico
Authors: Rodríguez-Barreras, R., Zapata-Arroyo, C., Falcón L, W., & Olmeda, M.D.L.
Journal: Neotropical Biodiversity
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2020.1729303
Species or groups: Native & invasive freshwater fishes
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The introduction of exotic fishes in streams and water reservoirs has modified autochthonous freshwater fish communities in Puerto Rico. There are approximately 46 fish species in inland waters, and most of them were introduced during the last century. We here summarize relevant information on 46 freshwater fish species reported for the island. Approximately 80% of the species are non-native. An evaluation of the local trade revealed another 128 freshwater fish species are sold locally as pets. This raises serious concerns, as we detected a potential pool of non-native species that are either considered invasive elsewhere, or that, based on their ecology, could become invasive on the island in the near future. We also found that cichlids as a group pose the highest risk to freshwater ecosystems, with 13 species established in the wild, and another 38 potential invaders in the local pet trade. This study may be used as a baseline for the conservation and management purposes of both native and non-native fish species, including the development of strategies for preventing the release of live fish pets into the wild. More specific management for non-native fish, especially those identified here that pose significant threats to Puerto Rico’s native fish and their ecosystems, are warranted.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Surasinghe, T., Kariyawasam, R., Sudasinghe, H., & Karunarathna, S. (2020)
Challenges in biodiversity conservation in a highly modified tropical river basin in Sri Lanka
Title: Challenges in biodiversity conservation in a highly modified tropical river basin in Sri Lanka
Authors: Surasinghe, T., Kariyawasam, R., Sudasinghe, H., & Karunarathna, S.
Journal: Water
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010026
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Kelani River is the fourth longest river in the South-Asian island, Sri Lanka. It originates from the central hills and flows through a diverse array of landscapes, including some of the most urbanized regions and intensive land uses. Kelani River suffers a multitude of environmental issues: illegal water diversions and extractions, impoundment for hydroelectricity generation, and pollution, mostly from agrochemicals, urban runoff, industrial discharges, and domestic waste. Moreover, loss of riparian forest cover, sand-mining, and unplanned development in floodplains have accentuated the environmental damage. In this study, based on Kelani River basin, we reviewed the status of biodiversity, threats encountered, conservation challenges, and provided guidance for science-based conservation planning. Kelani River basin is high in biodiversity and endemism, which includes 60 freshwater fish species of which 30 are endemic. Urbanization related threats are more severe in the middle and lower reaches while agriculture and impoundments peril the river in upper reaches. Documentation of these threats can be dated back to 1980, yet, Sri Lankan government has failed to take substantial actions for sustainable management of Kelani River basin, despite the presence of nearly 50 legislations pertaining to water and land management. Given high biodiversity richness, human dependency, and evident ecological deterioration, Kelani River basin should be prioritized for biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource management. Conservation and wise use of freshwater resources is a global concern, particularly for developing nations in Asia. Therefore, our review and guidance for scientifically informed conservation would serve as a prototype for basin-wide river management for Sri Lanka as well as for other developing nations of tropical Asia.
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Ball, J.E., Bêche, L.A., Mendez, P.K., & Resh, V.H. (2013)
Biodiversity in Mediterranean-climate streams of California
Title: Biodiversity in Mediterranean-climate streams of California
Authors: Ball, J.E., Bêche, L.A., Mendez, P.K., & Resh, V.H.
Journal: Hydrobiologia
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1368-6
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Although the California mediterranean climate region is widely considered a biodiversity hotspot for terrestrial plants and vertebrates, freshwater biodiversity in this region is generally not well known. Using information from museum specimen databases, published literature, biological assessment surveys, and specialist’s knowledge, we review freshwater biodiversity for several groups of stream organisms in the med-climate region of California, which includes 2,220 species in 292 families. The groups with the highest diversity of lotic species are aquatic insects and diatoms, which comprise 39 and 36 % of species in our lists, respectively. Sequential floods and drying periods limit the overall biodiversity of many stream organisms in California mediterranean rivers, and continued climate and land-use change may cause disproportionate biodiversity declines in the region. However, only 4 % of lotic species have been evaluated in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and many assessments are outdated. Future development of online databases for botanical and zoological collections will significantly enhance biodiversity and distribution knowledge. This information will enable us to more accurately and efficiently assess the effects of global change on biodiversity of freshwater organisms, to evaluate conservation status of individual taxa, and to set conservation priorities for stream ecosystems.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Lévêque, C., Balian, E.V., & Martens, K. (2005)
An assessment of animal species diversity in continental waters
Title: An assessment of animal species diversity in continental waters
Authors: Lévêque, C., Balian, E.V., & Martens, K.
Journal: Hydrobiologia
Year: 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-5522-7
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: There is a need for monitoring the status and trends of freshwater biodiversity in order to quantify the impacts of human actions on freshwater systems and to improve freshwater biodiversity conservation. Current projects carrying assessment of freshwater biodiversity focus mainly on leading-better-known groups such as fish, or identify keystone species and/or endemic freshwater systems for conservation purposes. Our purpose is to complete these existing projects by providing quantitative estimates of species number for all freshwater groups on each continent and/or major eco-regions. This article present the results of the first implementation phase carried out from September 2002 to June 2003 and which addressed only freshwater animal species. The project consisted of: (1) compiling existing data from literature, web sites and museum collections; (2) contacting scientific experts of each group to provide a ‘to the best of their knowledge, estimates of species numbers. In this study, we consider as true freshwater species, those that complete part or all of their life cycle in freshwater, and water-dependant species those that need freshwater for food or that permanently use freshwater habitats. The current order of magnitude for known freshwater animal species world wide is 100 000, of which half are insects. Among other groups, there are some 20 000 vertebrate species; 10 000 crustacean species and 5000 mollusc species that are either true freshwater or water-dependant species. The study highlighted gaps in the basic knowledge of species richness at continental and global scales:
(1) Some groups such as Protozoa, nematodes or annelids have been less studied and data on their diversity and distribution is scarce. Because current richness estimates for these groups are greatly biased by knowledge availability, we can expect that real species numbers might be much higher.
(2) Continents are not equal in the face of scientific studies: South America and Asia are especially lacking global estimates of species richness for many groups, even for some usually well-known ones such as molluscs or insects.
The second phase of the project will address freshwater plants and algae. The present status should be considered as a first sketch of the global picture of freshwater biodiversity. We hope that this project will initiate interactive exchange of data to complete and update this first assessment.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Stendera, S., Adrian, R., Bonada, N., Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Hugueny, B., Januschke, K., Pletterbauer, F., & Hering, D. (2012)
Drivers and stressors of freshwater biodiversity patterns across different ecosystems and scales: a review.
Title: Drivers and stressors of freshwater biodiversity patterns across different ecosystems and scales: a review.
Authors: Stendera, S., Adrian, R., Bonada, N., Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Hugueny, B., Januschke, K., Pletterbauer, F., & Hering, D.
Journal: Hydrobiologia
Year: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1183-0
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The present review with focus on the last decade (2000–2010) aims to (i) collecting the major hypotheses explaining freshwater biodiversity patterns, (ii) identifying the main stressors affecting freshwater biodiversity, and (iii) revealing information gaps regarding ecosystem types, organism groups, spatial and temporal scales to highlight research needs to better propose sound conservation measures. The comparative analysis addresses six organism groups ranging from microorganisms to fish in basins, rivers, lakes, wetlands, ponds and groundwater. Short-term studies at ecoregion and catchment scale focusing on invertebrates, macrophytes and fish in Palaearctic and Nearctic regions dominated. The most frequent hypotheses tested were the landscape filter concept, the species–area relationship, the metacommunity concept. Dominating natural drivers were area, heterogeneity and disturbance. Land use, eutrophication and habitat destruction were identified as most important stressors. Generally, freshwater biodiversity declined in response to these stressors in contrast to increasing biodiversity determined by natural drivers across all ecosystems. Preferred organism groups were fish and invertebrates, most frequently studied in rivers, in contrast to smaller organisms (e.g. bacteria) and, e.g. groundwater being underrepresented. Hypotheses originating from the last century are still tested in freshwater research, while novel concepts are either missing or untested. Protection of freshwater biodiversity is the ultimate challenge since it supports valuable ecosystems services ensuring perpetuation of mankind. For that, comprehensive large-scale studies with holistic approaches are urgently needed.
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Bolpagni, R., Poikane, S., Laini, A., Bagella, S., Bartoli, M. and Cantonati, M. (2019)
Ecological and conservation value of small standing-water ecosystems: a systematic review of current knowledge and future challenges
Title: Ecological and conservation value of small standing-water ecosystems: a systematic review of current knowledge and future challenges
Authors: Bolpagni, R., Poikane, S., Laini, A., Bagella, S., Bartoli, M. and Cantonati, M.
Journal: Water
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030402
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: A small standing-water ecosystem (SWE) is a shallow (<20 m) lentic water body with a surface of a few hectares (≤10 ha). Compared to larger counterparts, they exhibit wider ecotones, sometimes even equaling their whole surface, which maximizes structural heterogeneity, supporting exceptionally high biodiversity, metabolic rates, and functionality. Surprisingly, no binding regulations support global strategies for SWE conservation. This work consists of a literature review performed for the period 2004–2018 to assess the ecological and conservation value of SWEs and the contribution of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in promoting their conservation. Outcomes from this work open new perspectives on SWEs, which emerge as valuable ecosystems, and confirm their pivotal contribution to watershed biodiversity, resilience, and functionality. Results also suggest clear narrative trends and large knowledge gaps across geographical areas, biological components, and target issues. Additionally, we note that SWEs are under-represented in the frame of WFD implementation, stressing their marginality into assessing procedures. All of this calls for further studies, especially outside Europe and with a global, multi-taxon perspective. These should be devoted to quantitatively assess the roles of SWEs in maintaining global water ecosystem quality, biodiversity, and services, and to prioritize management actions for their conservation.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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5.1
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Beebee, T.J.C. (1996)
Ecology and conservation of amphibians
Title: Ecology and conservation of amphibians
Authors: Beebee, T.J.C.
Journal: NA
Year: 1996
DOI: NA
Species or groups: Natterjack toad, Northern crested newt, Common frog, Marsh frog
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: NA
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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7.1
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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2.2
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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4.2
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5.1
