Conservation Introductions
Many wild populations have been depleted due multiple threats such as degradation of habitat or other anthropogenic stressors. Introducing captive-bred species into the wild or translocating individuals from one area to another are some ways in which natural populations can be enhanced where already present. There are also movements to re-introduce species that have not been present in their natural range for some time or bring species to completely new areas. Outcomes of these introductions can vary widely as species may successfully establish themselves and fill in a missing ecological niche or fail to do so. If established successfully, species may have positive or negative impacts on other species in the habitat or the ecosystem as a whole. Introduced species can include amphibians, fish, mammals, crustaceans, or aquatic plants.
Rating:
Ten syntheses had low scores in CEESAT demonstrating limitations in the rigour and the transparency in which these reviews were conducted (i.e., no a-priori protocol, critical appraisal, or search strategy provided). Three syntheses scored Green in at least one CEESAT category; Gherardi et al. (2011) and Campbell-Palmer et al. (2010) conducted reviews that utilized a wide variety of source material (e.g., grey literature, peer-reviewed publications). Smith et al. (2014) provided sufficient details regarding their eligibility criteria and extraction process in their methodology.
RASCAT scoring varied for this intervention; syntheses scored fairly well in the majority of elements, especially with regards to the habitat types reviewed and countries' Polity scores. Many syntheses were not published recently, were not similar in geography or species to Canada, and were unable to demonstrate considerations of implications, practical advice, or recommendations for decision-makers.
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Stringer, A. P., & Gaywood, M. J. (2016)
The impacts of beavers Castor spp. on biodiversity and the ecological basis for their reintroduction to Scotland, UK
Title: The impacts of beavers Castor spp. on biodiversity and the ecological basis for their reintroduction to Scotland, UK
Authors: Stringer, A. P., & Gaywood, M. J.
Journal: Mammal Review
Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12068
Species or groups: Eurasian beaver, North American beaver, plants, terrestrial Invertebrates, frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, reptiles, birds, semi-aquatic mammals, terrestrial mammals
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: 1. In Scotland, UK, beavers became extinct about 400 years ago. Currently, two
wild populations are present in Scotland on a trial basis, and the case for their
full reintroduction is currently being considered by Scottish ministers. Beavers
are widely considered ‘ecosystem engineers’. Indeed, beavers have large impacts
on the environment, fundamentally change ecosystems, and create unusual habitats,
often considered unique. In this review, we investigate the mechanisms by
which beavers act as ecosystem engineers, and then discuss the possible impacts
of beavers on the biodiversity of Scotland.
2. A meta-analysis of published studies on beavers’ interactions with biodiversity
was conducted, and the balance of positive and negative interactions with plants,
invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals recorded.
3. The meta-analysis showed that, overall, beavers have an overwhelmingly positive
influence on biodiversity. Beavers’ ability to modify the environment means
that they fundamentally increase habitat heterogeneity. As beavers are central-place
foragers that feed only in close proximity to watercourses, their herbivory is
unevenly spread in the landscape. In addition, beaver ponds and their associated
unique successional stages increase habitat heterogeneity both spatially and temporally.
Beavers also influence the ecosystems through the creation of a variety
of features such as dams and lodges, important habitat features such as standing
dead wood (after inundation), an increase in woody debris, and a graded edge
between terrestrial and aquatic habitats that is rich in structural complexity.
4. In Scotland, a widespread positive influence on biodiversity is expected, if
beavers are widely reintroduced. For instance, beaver activity should provide
important habitat for the otter Lutra lutra, great crested newt Triturus cristatus
and water vole Arvicola amphibious, all species of conservation importance.
5. Beavers are most likely to have detrimental impacts on certain woodland habitats
and species of conservation importance, such as the Atlantic hazelwood climax
community and aspen Populus tremula woodland. A lack of woodland regeneration
caused by high deer abundance could lead to habitat degradation or loss. These
are also of particular importance due to the variety of associated dependent species
of conservation interest, such as lichen communities in Atlantic hazelwoods.
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Saunders, D.L., Meeuwig, J.J. and Vincent, A.C. (2002)
Freshwater protected areas: strategies for conservation
Title: Freshwater protected areas: strategies for conservation
Authors: Saunders, D.L., Meeuwig, J.J. and Vincent, A.C.
Journal: Conservation biology
Year: 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99562.x
Species or groups: Purple loosestrife wild flower, Eurasian zebra mussel, Water hyacinth, Water lettuce, hydrilla, nonnative fish (trout, salmon), frogs
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Freshwater species and habitats are among the most threatened in the world. One way in which this growing conservation concern can be addressed is the creation of freshwater protected areas. Here, we present three strategies for freshwater protected‐area design and management: whole‐catchment management, natural‐flow maintenance, and exclusion of non‐native species. These strategies are based on the three primary threats to fresh waters: land‐use disturbances, altered hydrologies, and introduction of non‐native species. Each strategy draws from research in limnology and river and wetland ecology. Ideally, freshwater protected areas should be located in intact catchments, should have natural hydrological regimes, and should contain no non‐native species. Because optimal conservation conditions are often difficult to attain, we also suggest alternative management strategies, including multiple‐use modules, use of the river continuum concept, vegetated buffer strips, partial water discharges, and eradication of exotic species. Under some circumstances it may be possible to focus freshwater conservation efforts on two key zones: adjacent terrestrial areas and headwaters.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Gherardi, F., Britton, J.R., Mavuti, K.M., Pacini, N., Grey, J., Tricarico, E., & Harper, D.M. (2011)
A review of allodiversity in Lake Naivasha, Kenya: Developing conservation actions to protect East African lakes from the negative impacts of alien species
Title: A review of allodiversity in Lake Naivasha, Kenya: Developing conservation actions to protect East African lakes from the negative impacts of alien species
Authors: Gherardi, F., Britton, J.R., Mavuti, K.M., Pacini, N., Grey, J., Tricarico, E., & Harper, D.M.
Journal: Biological Conservation
Year: 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.020
Species or groups: Common water hyacinth, Water lettuce, Giant salvinia, tubificid worm, Haitia acuta, Daphnia pulex, Louisiana crawfish, Salvinia weevil, Chevroned waterhyacinth weevil, Mottled water hyacinth weevil, Waterlettuce weevil, Largemouth bass, Blue-spotted tilapia, Nile tilapia, Athi river tilapia, Redbelly tilapia, Straightfin barb, Common carp, Nile perch, Eastern mosquitofish, Guppy, Rainbow trout, Coypu
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The biodiversity of developing countries is increasingly threatened by introductions of invasive alien species.
This study on the allodiversity in Lake Naivasha, Kenya reviews the pathways, establishment rates
and outcomes of introduced species, and provides the basis for determining conservation actions that, if
implemented, could prevent potentially harmful effects of similar events in other East African lakes.
Introductions into Naivasha commenced in the 1920s with the release of a sport fish and have since produced
an allodiversity of 23 species. This includes species that are no longer present (e.g., some tilapia
species), presumed no longer present (e.g., the Nile perch Lates niloticus) or whose distribution is highly
localised and ecologically neutral (e.g., the coypu Myocastor coypus). It also includes species that established
successfully and invoked major changes in lake ecology (e.g., the red swamp crayfish Procambarus
clarkii) and a species that is producing apparent economic benefits to the local population (i.e., the common
carp Cyprinus carpio). The most frequent donor continents were the Americas and most species were
the result of secondary introductions. The main introduction vector was active release that aimed to
enhance fishery production. Alien species now dominate each main level of the lake’s food web and produce
impacts that are rarely restricted to a single ecosystem service. With a few exceptions, the majority
of introductions translate into socioeconomic costs that contribute to rising social conflicts and exacerbating
poverty. Development of appropriate conservation management tools within a regulatory framework
could help protect Naivasha from further damage and could be used elsewhere in East African lakes
to ensure that subsequent introductions enhance ecosystem services without affecting biodiversity.
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Ellender, B.R., & Weyl, O.L.F. (2014)
A review of current knowledge, risk and ecological impacts associated with non-native freshwater fish introductions in South Africa
Title: A review of current knowledge, risk and ecological impacts associated with non-native freshwater fish introductions in South Africa
Authors: Ellender, B.R., & Weyl, O.L.F.
Journal: Aquatic Invasions
Year: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.2.01
Species or groups: Clanwilliam redfin, Clanwilliam sawfin, Treur River barb, Orange-fringed largemouth, Airbreathing shellear, Clanwilliam yellowfish, Scaly yellowfish, Spotted killifish, bluefin notho, West African lungfish, Burchell's redfin, Eastern Province rocky
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: The introduction and spread of non-native species is one of the least reversible human-induced global changes. In South Africa, non-native
fish introductions have occurred over the last two and a half centuries. Resultant invasions have been cited as a primary threat to imperilled
South African fishes and other aquatic fauna. Addressing a problem of this magnitude requires an organised approach. The aim of this paper
is to summarise the current knowledge, risk and ecological impacts associated with non-native freshwater fish introductions in South Africa.
A total of 55 fishes have been introduced into novel environments in South Africa. Of these, 27 were alien and 28 were extralimital
introductions. Only 11 introduced species failed to establish and of the 44 species that have established, 37% are considered fully invasive.
Introductions for angling were responsible for the highest proportion (55%) of fully invasive species with the remainder linked to inter-basin
water transfers (15%), bio-control (15%), ornamental fish trade (10%) and aquaculture (5%). There was a general paucity of published
literature on the introduction, establishment and spread of non-native fishes, and recent research has largely focused on impacts on native
biota. While documented impacts spanned multiple levels of biological organisation, most papers focused on individual and population level
impacts. Large taxonomic biases were also observed, and invasive impacts were estimated for less than 50% of fully invasive fishes. There is
also an extensive knowledge gap on the impacts of associated parasites and diseases introduced with non-native fishes. These knowledge
gaps constrain effective management of non-native fishes in South Africa and research at all invasion stages (introduction, establishment,
spread and impact) is necessary to guide conservation practitioners and managers with information to manage current invasions and curb
future introductions.
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Williams, E.H., Bunkley-Williams, L., Lilyestrom, C.G., Ortiz-Corps, E.A.R. (2001)
A review of recent introductions of aquatic invertebrates in Puerto Rico and implications for the management of nonindigenous species
Title: A review of recent introductions of aquatic invertebrates in Puerto Rico and implications for the management of nonindigenous species
Authors: Williams, E.H., Bunkley-Williams, L., Lilyestrom, C.G., Ortiz-Corps, E.A.R.
Journal: Caribbean Journal of Science
Year: 2001
DOI: NA
Species or groups: Asian clam, Florida applesnail, Australian redclaw, Giant floater, Giant freshwater prawn, Red swamp crayfish
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2270; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2269
Abstract: The Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia); Florida applesnail, Pomacea paludosa (Gastropoda);
and Australian redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus (Crustacea) have recently become established or
possibly established in Puerto Rico. The giant floater, Anodonta grandis (Bivalvia); giant freshwater prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Crustacea); and red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea), have been
introduced but not released. This paper presents the history of these introductions, their potential ecological
consequences, and the loopholes that allowed each one to happen. Among the latter were: the danger
inherent in C. fluminea was apparently not advertised, very similar snails (P. paludosa and South American
applesnails, Pomacea cumingii) were not distinguished, existing enforcement systems were not designed to
prevent package-delivery shipments and mass shipments of C. quadricarinatus to individuals, and P. clarkii
and A. grandis were introduced by the aquarium industry and transferred to aquaculture.
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Agostinho, A.A., Thomaz, S.M., Gomes, L.C. (2005)
Conservation of the biodiversity of Brazil's inland waters
Title: Conservation of the biodiversity of Brazil's inland waters
Authors: Agostinho, A.A., Thomaz, S.M., Gomes, L.C.
Journal: Conservation Biology
Year: 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00701.x
Species or groups: Fish, Asian clam, Chinese freshwater mussel, torpedograss, smallflowered Alexandergrass
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2270
Abstract: In terms of biodiversity, Brazilian inland waters are of enormous global significance for Algae
(25% of the world’s species), Porifera (Demospongiae, 33%), Rotifera (25%), Cladocera (Branchiopoda, 20%),
and fishes (21%). Threatened freshwater species include 44 species of invertebrates (mostly Porifera) and 134
fishes (mostly Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae), primarily distributed in south and southeastern Brazil. Reasons
for the declines in biodiversity in Brazilian inland waters include pollution and eutrophication, siltation,
impoundments and flood control, fisheries, and species introductions. These problems are more conspicuous
in the more-developed regions. The majority of protected areas in Brazil have been created for terrestrial
fauna and flora, but they also protect significant water bodies and wetlands. As a result, although very poorly
documented, these areas are of great importance for aquatic species. A major and pressing challenge is the
assessment of the freshwater biodiversity in protected areas and surveys to better understand the diversity
and geography of freshwater species in Brazil. The concept of umbrella species (e.g., certain migratory fishes)
would be beneficial for the protection of aquatic biodiversity and habitats. The conservation and improved
management of river corridors and associated floodplains and the maintenance of their hydrological integrity
is fundamental to preserving Brazil’s freshwater biodiversity and the health of its aquatic resources.
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Campbell-Palmer, R., & Rosell, F. (2010)
Conservation of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber: an olfactory perspective
Title: Conservation of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber: an olfactory perspective
Authors: Campbell-Palmer, R., & Rosell, F.
Journal: Mammal Review
Year: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00165.x
Species or groups: Eurasian beaver, Yenisei beaver
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: 1. Chemical communication in mammals includes an array of specific behaviours that
are often ignored in terms of their potential relevance to conservation. Often used
during territorial or social interactions between animals, chemical communication
can also be used as a tool in reintroduction programmes. Reintroductions still exhibit
high failure rates and methods to improve success should be investigated. The
Eurasian beaver Castor fiber has been widely reintroduced across Europe after its
near extinction in the 19th century.
2. Using olfactory studies in the beaver, we aim to demonstrate how scent transfers
a range of information about the sender which can be used to monitor social and
territorial behaviour along with general well-being. Scent manipulation can be used
to reduce human–beaver conflicts, and aid reintroduction success through reducing
stress and territorial conflicts, and by influencing dispersal and settlement.
3. Two species of beavers, the Eurasian beaver and the North American beaver
Castor canadensis, occupy freshwater habitats throughout North America and in
parts of South America, most of Europe and parts of Asia. Most of the reviewed
literature concerns the wild Eurasian beaver, its chemical communication and conservation;
however, captive studies and those addressing North American beavers are
also included.
4. Chemical communication is advanced and has been well documented in this
highly territorial species. However, few studies directly link olfaction with conservation
practices.
5. Olfactory studies in beavers can provide non-invasive methods to monitor
translocated animals and indicators of health. We conclude that chemical analysis,
olfactory studies and behavioural manipulations involving semiochemicals have
important impacts on conservation and can generate practical solutions to conservation
problems including aiding animal capture, captive stress reduction, breeding
pair formation and release site fidelity.
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Dewas, M., Herr, J., Schley, L., Angst, C., Manet, B., Landry, P., & Catusse, M. (2012)
Recovery and status of native and introduced beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis in France and neighbouring countries
Title: Recovery and status of native and introduced beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis in France and neighbouring countries
Authors: Dewas, M., Herr, J., Schley, L., Angst, C., Manet, B., Landry, P., & Catusse, M.
Journal: Mammal Review
Year: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00196.x
Species or groups: Eurasian beaver, North American beaver
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: 1. The Eurasian beaver Castor fiber suffered a drastic reduction in both geographical
range and population size, due to human persecution, until the end of the 19th
century. After the adoption of protection measures, natural expansion and reintroductions
led to the recovery of this species over much of its European range.
2. We review historical events that led to the recovery of beavers in France, and
summarize the status of beavers in various river systems. Beaver establishment in
France is a story of overall success: several major river systems are presently occupied,
so that the species is no longer at risk in France.
3. However, beaver recolonization took place in parallel with increasing human
impacts on the environment. In addition to natural limiting factors, anthropogenic
factors impeded beaver settlement in many areas. Today, beavers often occupy
suboptimal habitats and, as a consequence, come into conflict with human activities.
Effective solutions for preventing beaver damage include the restoration of riparian
habitats to discourage crop damage and the provision of physical barriers to protect
crops.
4. Beaver populations reintroduced into France all originate from the relict Rhône
population. However, in recent years, beavers from populations in neighbouring
countries have been expanding into north-eastern France. Therefore, our review of
beaver origin and distribution in these countries may contribute to the development of appropriate national management strategies and towards important decisions,
e.g. the decision to try to keep Rhône beavers genetically isolated, or to allow
populations to mix.
5. The recently discovered presence of North American beavers Castor canadensis in
three countries surrounding France has raised an important issue. This species may
out-compete C. fiber in places where the species come into contact. A programme
based on field-trapping sessions and genetic analyses has recently been initiated in
some western countries in order to eradicate this non-native species.
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Lamothe, K.A., Drake, D.A.R., Pitcher, T.E., Broome, J.E., Dextrase, A.J., Gillespie, A., Mandrak, N.E., Poesch, M.S., Reid, S.M., & Vachon, N. (2019)
Reintroduction of fishes in Canada: A review of research progress for SARA-listed species
Title: Reintroduction of fishes in Canada: A review of research progress for SARA-listed species
Authors: Lamothe, K.A., Drake, D.A.R., Pitcher, T.E., Broome, J.E., Dextrase, A.J., Gillespie, A., Mandrak, N.E., Poesch, M.S., Reid, S.M., & Vachon, N.
Journal: Environmental Reviews
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0010
Species or groups: Atlantic salmon, Atlantic whitefish, Channel darter, Copper redhorse, Eastern sand darter, Gravel chub, Lake chubsucker, Northern madtom pugnose shiner, Redsided dace, Spring cisco, Striped bass, Westslope cutthroat trout, White sturgeon
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: Fishes are among the most threatened taxa in Canada with over 70 species, subspecies, and (or) designatable units
presently listed for protection under the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Protecting these species requires a diverse set of strategies
based on the best-available data and information. One approach identified under SARA and in Canadian federal recovery
strategies for improving the status of SARA-listed fishes is species reintroduction, which involves the release of individuals into
areas from which they have been extirpated with the goal of re-establishing self-sustaining populations. The success of reintroduction
relies on a comprehensive understanding of species ecology and life history, with considerations around population
genetics and genomics. However, SARA-listed species are some of the most poorly known species in Canada due to their rarity
and relative lack of research investment prior to the enactment of SARA. As a result, SARA-listed species have the most to lose
if reintroduction activities are not carefully researched, planned, and executed. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to
present an accessible summary on the state of reintroduction science for SARA-listed fishes in Canada with the hope of
motivating future research to support reintroduction activities. We focus our review on 14 SARA-listed freshwater or anadromous
fishes identified as candidates for reintroduction in federal recovery strategies. We follow the species-specific summaries
with guidance on how basic research questions in population ecology, habitat science, and threat science provide a critical
foundation for addressing knowledge gaps in reintroduction science. Subsequently, we identify the importance of genetic and
genomic techniques for informing future research on the reintroduction of SARA-listed species. We conclude with recommendations
for active, experimental approaches for moving reintroduction efforts forward to recover Canadian fishes.
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Jourdan, J., Plath, M., Tonkin, J.D., Ceylan, M., Dumeier, A.C., Gellert, G., Graf, W., Hawkins, C.P., Kiel, E., Lorenz, A.W., Matthaei, C.D., Verdonschot, P.F.M., Verdonschot, R.C.M., & Haase, P. (2019)
Reintroduction of freshwater macroinvertebrates: challenges and opportunities
Title: Reintroduction of freshwater macroinvertebrates: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Jourdan, J., Plath, M., Tonkin, J.D., Ceylan, M., Dumeier, A.C., Gellert, G., Graf, W., Hawkins, C.P., Kiel, E., Lorenz, A.W., Matthaei, C.D., Verdonschot, P.F.M., Verdonschot, R.C.M., & Haase, P.
Journal: Biological Reviews
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12458
Species or groups: White-clawed crayfish, pearl mussel, Mucket, Pheasantshell, Threeridge, Oyster mussel, Northern riffleshell, Long solid mussel, Cumberland Moccasinshell, Clubshell, Yellow sun-orchid mussel, Mountain Creekshell, Great raft spider, European crayfish, Aquatic macroinvertebrates (dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies), Spiny river snail, Black nerite
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2270; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2269
Abstract: Species reintroductions – the translocation of individuals to areas in which a species has been extirpated with the
aim of re-establishing a self-sustaining population – have become a widespread practice in conservation biology.
Reintroduction projects have tended to focus on terrestrial vertebrates and, to a lesser extent, fishes. Much less
effort has been devoted to the reintroduction of invertebrates into restored freshwater habitats. Yet, reintroductions
may improve restoration outcomes in regions where impoverished regional species pools limit the self-recolonisation of
restored freshwaters.We review the available literature on macroinvertebrate reintroductions, focusing on identifying the
intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine their success or failure. Our study reveals that freshwatermacroinvertebrate
reintroductions remain rare, are often published in the grey literature and, of the attempts made, approximately one-third
fail. We identify life-cycle complexity and remaining stressors as the two factors most likely to affect reintroduction
success, illustrating the unique challenges of freshwater macroinvertebrate reintroductions. Consideration of these
factors by managers during the planning process and proper documentation – even if a project fails – may increase the
likelihood of successful outcomes in future reintroduction attempts of freshwater macroinvertebrates.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Smith, R.K., & Sutherland, W.J. (2014)
Amphibian conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions
Title: Amphibian conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions
Authors: Smith, R.K., & Sutherland, W.J.
Journal: NA
Year: 2014
DOI: NA
Species or groups: Eastern spadefoot, Banded newt, Natterjack toad, Houston toad, Coeur d'Alene salamander, Puerto Rican crested toad, Springer peeper, Grey tree frog, Fowler's toad, Redback salamander, Hamilton's frog, Common frog, Agile frog, California red-legged frogs, Italian agile frog, Northern leopard frog, Mountain yellow-legged frog, Stripeless tree frog, Maud Island frog, Moor frog, Oregon spotted frog, Gopher frog, Pool frog, Wood frog, Common toad, Wyoming toad, Common spadefoot toad, Tadpole garlic toad, Boreal toad, Green toad, Cape platanna, Spotted salamander, Ringed salamander, Tiger salamander, Smooth newt, Great crested newt
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/854; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/860
Abstract: NA
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Langton, T., & Burton, J.A. (1997)
Amphibians and reptiles: Conservation management of species and habitats
Title: Amphibians and reptiles: Conservation management of species and habitats
Authors: Langton, T., & Burton, J.A.
Journal: NA
Year: 1997
DOI: NA
Species or groups: Eastern spadefoot toad, Banded newt, Fire-bellied toad, Natterjack toad, Great crested newt
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/854; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/860
Abstract: NA
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Matthews, W.J. (1998)
Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology
Title: Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology
Authors: Matthews, W.J.
Journal: NA
Year: 1998
DOI: NA
Species or groups: Pike, Red shiner minnow, Rainbow trout, Brown trout, Mosquitofish
Other sources of evidence: NA
Abstract: NA
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Beebee, T.J.C. (1996)
Ecology and conservation of amphibians
