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Houlbrooke, D.J., Horne, D.J., Hedley, M.J., Hanly, J.A., & Snow, V.O. (2004)
A review of literature on the land treatment of farm-dairy effluent in New Zealand and its impact on water quality
Title: A review of literature on the land treatment of farm-dairy effluent in New Zealand and its impact on water quality
Authors: Houlbrooke, D.J., Horne, D.J., Hedley, M.J., Hanly, J.A., & Snow, V.O.
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
Year: 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513617
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Dairy farming is the largest agricultural
industry in New Zealand, contributing 20%
of export earnings but providing a challenge for the
environmentally acceptable treatment of wastes from
dairy farms. Nutrient-rich farm-dairy effluent (FDE),
which consists of cattle excreta diluted with washdown
water, is a by-product of dairy cattle spending
time in yards, feed-pads, and the farm dairy. Traditionally,
FDE has been treated in standard two-pond
systems and then discharged into a receiving fresh
water stream. Changes brought about primarily due
to the Resource Management Act 1991 have meant
that most regional councils now prefer dairy farms
to land treat their FDE. This allows the water and
nutrients applied to land in FDE to be utilised by the
soil-plant system.
Research on the effects of land-treating FDE, and
its affects on water quality, has shown that between
2 and 20% of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)
applied in FDE is leached through the soil profile.
A04066; Online publication date 15 December 2004
Received 29 June 2004; accepted 25 August 2004
In all studies, the measured concentration of N and P
in drainage water was higher than the ecological limits
considered likely to stimulate unwanted aquatic
weed growth. Gaps in the current research have been
identified with respect to the application of FDE to
artificially drained soils, and the lack of research that
has taken place with long term application of FDE to
land and at appropriate farm scale with realistic rates
of application. Whilst the land treatment of FDE represents
a huge improvement on the loss of nutrients
discharged to fresh water compared with standard
two-pond systems, there is room for improvement
in the management of FDE land-treatment systems.
In particular, it is necessary to prevent the direct
discharge of partially treated FDE by taking into
account soil physical properties and soil moisture
status. Scheduling effluent irrigations based on soil
moisture deficits results in a considerable decrease
in nutrient loss and may result in a zero loss of raw
or partially treated effluent due to direct drainage.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Prosser, R.S., Hoekstra, P.F., Gene, S., Truman, C., White, M., & Hanson, M.L. (2020)
A review of the effectiveness of vegetated buffers to mitigate pesticides and nutrient transport into surface waters from agricultural areas
Title: A review of the effectiveness of vegetated buffers to mitigate pesticides and nutrient transport into surface waters from agricultural areas
Authors: Prosser, R.S., Hoekstra, P.F., Gene, S., Truman, C., White, M., & Hanson, M.L.
Journal: Journal of Environmental Management
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110210
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2284; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/246; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1665
Abstract: A relatively large number of studies have investigated the effectiveness of vegetated buffer strips at reducing the
movement of pesticides and nutrients from agriculture fields. This review outlines the observed influence of
different factors (e.g., buffer width, slope, runoff intensity, soil composition, plant community) that can influence
the efficacy of vegetated buffers in pesticide and nutrient retention. The reported effectiveness of vegetated
buffers reducing the movement of pesticides and nutrients ranged from 10 to 100% and 12–100%, respectively.
Buffer width is the factor that is most frequently considered by various jurisdictions when making recommendations
on vegetated buffer strip implementation. However, the literature clearly illustrates that there is a great
deal of variation in pesticide or nutrient reduction for a given buffer width. This indicates that other factors play
an important role in buffer efficacy (e.g., ratio of source area to buffer area, soil composition and structure, runoff
intensity, plant community structure) in addition to the width of the vegetative buffer area. These factors need to
be considered when making recommendations on vegetated buffer strip construction in agroecosystems. This
review has also identified a number of other gaps in the understanding of the effectiveness of vegetated buffers at
reducing the movement of pesticides and nutrients from the areas of application.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Withers, P.J.A., Neal, C., Jarvie, H.P., & Doody, D.G. (2014)
Agriculture and eutrophication: Where do we go from here?
Title: Agriculture and eutrophication: Where do we go from here?
Authors: Withers, P.J.A., Neal, C., Jarvie, H.P., & Doody, D.G.
Journal: Sustainability
Year: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095853
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: The eutrophication of surface waters has become an endemic global problem.
Nutrient loadings from agriculture are a major driver, but it remains very unclear what
level of on-farm controls are necessary or can be justified to achieve water quality
improvements. In this review article, we use the UK as an example of societies’ multiple
stressors on water quality to explore the uncertainties and challenges in achieving a
sustainable balance between useable water resources, diverse aquatic ecosystems and a
viable agriculture. Our analysis shows that nutrient loss from agriculture is a challenging
issue if farm productivity and profitability is to be maintained and increased. Legacy stores
of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in catchments may be sufficient to sustain algal
blooms and murky waters for decades to come and more innovation is needed to
drawdown and recover these nutrients. Agriculture’s impact on eutrophication risk may
also be overestimated in many catchments, and more accurate accounting of sources, their
bioavailabilities and lag times is needed to direct proportioned mitigation efforts more
effectively. Best practice farms may still be leaky and incompatible with good water
quality in high-risk areas requiring some prioritization of society goals. All sectors of
society must clearly use N and P more efficiently to develop long-term sustainable
solutions to this complex issue and nutrient reduction strategies should take account of the
whole catchment-to-coast continuum. However, the right balance of local interventions (including additional biophysical controls) will need to be highly site specific and better
informed by research that unravels the linkages between sustainable farming practices,
patterns of nutrient delivery, biological response and recovery trajectories in different types
of waterbodies.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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McDowell, R.W., Biggs, B.J.F., Sharpley, A.N., & Nguyen, L. (2004)
Connecting phosphrous loss from agricultural landscapes to surface water quality
Title: Connecting phosphrous loss from agricultural landscapes to surface water quality
Authors: McDowell, R.W., Biggs, B.J.F., Sharpley, A.N., & Nguyen, L.
Journal: Chemistry and Ecology
Year: 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540310001626092
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: The loss of phosphorous (P) from the landscape is commonly viewed as deleterious for surface water quality.
However, the quantities lost and the impact this can have on surface waters depends on numerous mechanisms
that occur whilst en route. The aim of this review is to give an outline of these mechanisms and thus how
sources of P in the agricultural landscape are connected to the impairment of surface water quality. Processes are
dealt with by examining the potential for P loss from the landscape and its availability to aquatic plants during
flow overland and subsurface flow and once in streamflow or a lake or reservoir. By examining the connectivity
between P loss and the impact on surface water quality, potential mitigation and management of P losses are
discussed for various aquatic systems.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Blann, K.L., Anderson, J.L., Sands, G.R., & Vondracek, B. (2009)
Effects of agricultural drainage on aquatic ecosystems: A review
Title: Effects of agricultural drainage on aquatic ecosystems: A review
Authors: Blann, K.L., Anderson, J.L., Sands, G.R., & Vondracek, B.
Journal: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
Year: 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380801977966
Species or groups: Atlantic salmon, Goldfish, Rainbow trout, Zebrafish, shiners, Brown trout, Bluegill, freshwater snails, Cope's gray treefrog, Tiger salamander, alligators, water fleas, algae, aquatic invertebrates, water moss, seagrass, wild celery, Daphnia, Fathead minnow, midges, Gray treefrog tadpole, Northern leopard frog tadpole, Wood frog tadpoles, Asian clam
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: The extensive development of surface and subsurface drainage
systems to facilitate agricultural production throughout North
America has significantly altered the hydrology of landscapes compared
to historical conditions. Drainage has transformed nutrient
and hydrologic dynamics, structure, function, quantity, and configuration
of stream and wetland ecosystems. In many agricultural
regions, more than 80% of some catchment basins may be drained
by surface ditches and subsurface drain pipes (tiles). Natural channels
have been straightened and deepened for surface drainage
ditches with significant effects on channel morphology, instream
habitats for aquatic organisms, floodplain and riparian connectivity,
sediment dynamics, and nutrient cycling. The connection of
formerly isolated wetland basins to extensive networks of surface
drainage and the construction of main channel ditches through
millions of acres of formerly low-lying marsh or wet prairie, where
no defined channel may have previously existed, have resulted
in large-scale conversion of aquatic habitat types, from wetland mosaics to linear systems. Reduced surface storage, increased conveyance,
and increased effective drainage area have altered the
dynamics of and generally increased flows in larger streams and
rivers. Cumulatively, these changes in hydrology, geomorphology,
nutrient cycling, and sediment dynamics have had profound implications
for aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Liu, T., Bruins, R.J.R., & Herberling, M.T. (2018)
Factors influencing farmers' adoption of best management practices: A review and synthesis
Title: Factors influencing farmers' adoption of best management practices: A review and synthesis
Authors: Liu, T., Bruins, R.J.R., & Herberling, M.T.
Journal: Sustainability
Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020432
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Best management practices (BMPs) for reducing agricultural non-point source pollution are
widely available. However, agriculture remains a major global contributor to degradation of waters
because farmers often do not adopt BMPs. To improve water quality, it is necessary to understand
the factors that influence BMP adoption by farmers. We review the findings of BMP adoption studies
from both developed and developing countries, published after (or otherwise not included in) two
major literature reviews from 2007 and 2008. We summarize the study locations, scales, and BMPs
studied; the analytical methods used; the factors evaluated; and the directionality of each factor’s
influence on BMP adoption. We then present a conceptual framework for BMP adoption decisions
that emphasizes the importance of scale, the tailoring or targeting of information and incentives,
and the importance of expected farm profits. We suggest that future research directions should focus
on study scale, on measuring and modeling of adoption as a continuous process, and on incorporation
of social norms and uncertainty into decision-making. More research is needed on uses of social
media and market recognition approaches (such as certificate schemes and consumer labeling) to
influence BMP adoption.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Macintosh, K.A., Mayer, B.K., McDowell, R.W., Powers, S.M., Baker, L.A., Boyer, T.H., & Rittmann, B.E. (2018)
Managing diffuse phosphorus at the source versus at the sink
Title: Managing diffuse phosphorus at the source versus at the sink
Authors: Macintosh, K.A., Mayer, B.K., McDowell, R.W., Powers, S.M., Baker, L.A., Boyer, T.H., & Rittmann, B.E.
Journal: Environmental Science & Technology
Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01143
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Judicious phosphorus (P) management is a global
grand challenge and critical to achieving and maintaining water
quality objectives while maintaining food production. The
management of point sources has been successful in lowering P
inputs to aquatic environments, but more difficult is reducing P
discharges associated with diffuse sources, such as nonpoint runoff
from agriculture and urban landscapes, as well as P accumulated
in soils and sediments. Strategies for effective diffuse-P management
are imperative. Many options are currently available, and the
most cost-effective and practical choice depends on the local
situation. This critical review describes how the metrics of P
quantity in kg ha−1 yr−1 and P form can influence decision-making
and implementation of diffuse-P management strategies.
Quantifying the total available pool of P, and its form, in a
system is necessary to inform effective decision-making. The review draws upon a number of “current practice” case studies that
span agriculture, cities, and aquatic sectors. These diverse examples from around the world highlight different diffuse-P
management approaches, delivered at the source in the catchment watershed or at the aquatic sink. They underscore workable
options for achieving water quality improvement and wider P sustainability. The diffuse-P management options discussed in this
critical review are transferable to other jurisdictions at the global scale. We demonstrate that P quantity is typically highest and
most concentrated at the source, particularly at farm scale. The most cost-effective and practically implementable diffuse-P
management options are, therefore, to reduce P use, conserve P, and mitigate P loss at the source. Sequestering and removing P
from aquatic sinks involves increasing cost, but is sometimes the most effective choice. Recovery of diffuse-P, while expensive,
offers opportunity for the circular economy.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Hart, M.R., Quin, B.F., & Nguyen, M.L. (2004)
Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects: A review
Title: Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects: A review
Authors: Hart, M.R., Quin, B.F., & Nguyen, M.L.
Journal: Journal of Environmental Quality
Year: 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1954
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important mineral nutrients in agricultural systems, and along with nitrogen (N), is generally the most limiting nutrient for plant production. Farming systems have intesnified greatly over time, and in recent years it has become apparant that the concomitant increase in losses of N and P from agricultural land is having a series detrimental effect on water quality and the environment. The last two decades have seen a marked increased in research into the issues surrounding diffuse losses of P to surface and groundwater. This paper reviews this research, examining the issue of P forms in runoff, and highlighting the exceptions to some generally held assumptions about land use and P transport. In particular the review focuses on P losses associated with recent P fertilizer application, as opposed to organic manures, both on the amounts and the forms of P in runoff water. The effects of the physiochemical characteristics of different forms of P fertilizer are explored, particularly in relation to water solubility. Various means of mitigating the risk of loss of P are discussed. It is argued that the influence of recent fertilizer applications is an under-researched area, yet may offer the most readily applicable opportunity to mitigate P losses by land users. This review highlights and discusses some options that may have recently become available that may make a significant contribution to the task of sustainable management of nutrient losses from agriculture.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Kumwimba, M.N., Meng, F., Iseyemi, O., Moore, M.T., Bo, Z., Tao, W., Liang, T.J., & Ilunga, L. (2018)
Removal of non-point source pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural runoff by vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs): Design, mechanism, management strategies, and future directions
Title: Removal of non-point source pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural runoff by vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs): Design, mechanism, management strategies, and future directions
Authors: Kumwimba, M.N., Meng, F., Iseyemi, O., Moore, M.T., Bo, Z., Tao, W., Liang, T.J., & Ilunga, L.
Journal: Science of the Total Environment
Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.184
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff are increasingly viewed as major threats to both aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems due to the introduction of non-point source inorganic (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus and metals)
and organic (e.g., pesticides and pharmaceutical residues) pollutants. With rapid economic growth and social
change in rural regions, it is important to examine the treatment systems in rural and remote areas for high efficiency,
low running costs, and minimal maintenance in order to minimize its influence on water bodies and biodiversity.
Recently, the use of vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs) has been employed in treatment of domestic
sewage and agricultural runoff, but information on the performance of VDDs for treating these pollutants with
various new management practices is still not sufficiently summarized. This paper aims to outline and review
current knowledge related to the use of VDDs inmitigating these pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural
runoff. Literature analysis has suggested that further research should be carried out to improve ditch characteristics
and management strategies inside ditches in order to ensure their effectiveness. Firstly, the reported
major ditch characteristics with the most effect on pollutant removal processes (e.g., plant species, weirs,
biofilms, and substrates selection)were summarized. The second focus concerns the function of ditch characteristics
in VDDs for pollutant removal and identification of possible removal mechanisms involved. Thirdly, we examined factors to consider for establishing appropriate management strategies within ditches and how these
could influence the whole ditch design process. The current review promotes areas where future research is
needed and highlights clear and sufficient evidence regarding performance and application of this overlooked
ditch system to reduce pollutants.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Hashemi, F., Olesen, J.E., Dalgaard, T., & Borgesen, C.D. (2016)
Review of scenario analyses to reduce agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus loading to the aquatic environment
Title: Review of scenario analyses to reduce agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus loading to the aquatic environment
Authors: Hashemi, F., Olesen, J.E., Dalgaard, T., & Borgesen, C.D.
Journal: Science of the Total Environment
Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.141
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Nutrient loadings of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to aquatic environments are of increasing concern globally
for managing ecosystems, drinking water supply and food production. There are often multiple sources of these
nutrients in the landscape, and the different hydrological flow patterns within stream or river catchments have
considerable influence on nutrient transport, transformation and retention processes that all eventually affect
loadings to vulnerable aquatic environments. Therefore, in order to address options to reduce nutrient loadings,
quantitative assessment of their effects in real catchments need to be undertaken. This involves setting up scenarios
of the possible nutrient load reduction measures and quantifying their impacts via modelling. Over the recent
two decades there has been a great increase in the use of scenario-based analyses of strategies to combat excessive
nutrient loadings.Here we review 130 published papers extracted from Web of Science for 1995 to 2014 that
have applied models to analyse scenarios of agricultural impacts on nutrients loadings at catchment scale. The
review shows that scenario studies have been performed over a broad range of climatic conditions, with a
large focus on measures targeting land cover/use and land management for reducing the source load of N and
P in the landscape. Some of the studies considered how to manage the flows of nutrients, or how changes in
the landscape may be used to influence both flows and transformation processes. Few studies have considered
spatially targeting measures in the landscape, and such studies are more recent. Spatially differentiated options
include land cover/use modification and application of different landmanagement options based on catchments
characteristics, cropping conditions and climatic conditions. Most of the studies used existing catchmentmodels
such asSWAT and INCA, and the choice of themodelsmay also have influenced the setup of the scenarios. The use
of stakeholders for designing scenarios and for communication of results does not seem to be awidespread practice,
and it would be recommendable for future scenario studies to have a more in-depth involvement of stakeholders
for the elaboration and interpretation of scenarios, in particular to enhance their relevance for farmand
catchment management and to foster better policies and incentives.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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McKergow, L.A., Matheson, F.E., & Quinn, J.M. (2016)
Riparian management: A restoration tool for New Zealand streams
Title: Riparian management: A restoration tool for New Zealand streams
Authors: McKergow, L.A., Matheson, F.E., & Quinn, J.M.
Journal: Ecological Management & Restoration
Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12232
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Many New Zealanders are planning and implementing riparian management,and riparian fencing and planting are now standard best practice tools for water quality and habitat restoration. New Zealand has a long history of action, with the first catchment riparian schemes and science dating back to the 1970s. As a result of this, there is now solid scientific evidence that demonstrates the value of a range of management actions including thefollowing: riparian zones and buffers for livestock exclusion (fencing with or without planting),nutrient processing, shading small streams for temperature control, providing leaf and woodinput to stream ecosystems, and enhancing fish and invertebrate habitat. In the last decade or so, on-ground action has accelerated significantly with the introduction of dairy industry and government agreed targets. In 2015, 96% of dairy cows had been excluded from water-ways >1 m wide and >30 cm deep on land that cows graze during the milking season provid-ing impetus for on-ground action to spread into other pastoral industries. Tools for planning,managing and implementing successful riparian restoration have proliferated, informed byon-ground successes and failures. Despite this, there remain challenges for individuals orcommunities planning riparian restoration. Careful case-by-case assessment is recom-mended to ensure that plans match design to local landscape constraints and can realisti-cally contribute to improved water quality or habitat outcomes.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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McDowell, R.W., & Nash, D. (2012)
A review of the cost-effective and suitability of mitigation strategies to prevent phosphorus loss from dairy farms in New Zealand and Australia
Title: A review of the cost-effective and suitability of mitigation strategies to prevent phosphorus loss from dairy farms in New Zealand and Australia
Authors: McDowell, R.W., & Nash, D.
Journal: Journal of Environmental Quality
Year: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0041
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: The loss of phosphorus (P) from land to water is detrimental to
surface water quality in many parts of New Zealand and Australia.
Farming, especially pasture-based dairying, can be a source of P
loss, but preventing it requires a range of fully costed strategies
because little or no subsidies are available and the eff ectiveness
of mitigation strategies varies with diff erent farm management
systems, topography, stream density, and climate. Th is paper
reviews the cost-eff ectiveness of mitigation strategies for New
Zealand and Australian dairy farms, grouping strategies into (i)
management (e.g., decreasing soil test P, fencing streams off from
stock, or applying low-water-soluble P fertilizers), (ii) amendments
(e.g., alum or red mud [Bauxite residue]), and (iii) edge-of-fi eld
mitigations (e.g., natural or constructed wetlands). In general, onfarm
management strategies were the most cost-eff ective way of
mitigating P exports (cost range, $0 to $200 per kg P conserved).
Amendments, added to tile drains or directly to surface soil,
were often constrained by supply or were labor intensive. Of the
amendments examined, red mud was cost eff ective where cost
was off set by improved soil physical properties. Edge-of-fi eld
strategies, which remove P from runoff (i.e., wetlands) or prevent
runoff (i.e., irrigation runoff recycling systems), were generally the
least cost eff ective, but their benefi ts in terms of improved overall
resource effi ciency, especially in times of drought, or their eff ect on
other contaminants like N need to be considered. By presenting
a wide range of fully costed strategies, and understanding their
mechanisms, a farmer or farm advisor is able to choose those that
suit their farm and maintain profi tability. Further work should
examine the potential for targeting strategies to areas that lose the
most P in time and space to maximize the cost-eff ectiveness of
mitigation strategies, quantify the benefi ts of multiple strategies,
and identify changes to land use that optimize overall dairy
production, but minimize catchment scale, as versus farm scale,
nutrient exports.
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Hickey, M.B.C., & Doran, B. (2004)
A review of the efficiency of buffer strips for the maintenance and enhancement of riparian ecosystems
Title: A review of the efficiency of buffer strips for the maintenance and enhancement of riparian ecosystems
Authors: Hickey, M.B.C., & Doran, B.
Journal: Water Quality Research Journal of Canada
Year: 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.042
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: Vegetative buffer strips are being widely promoted as an effective technique to protect rivers and streams from the negative
impacts of adjacent land uses including forestry and agriculture. An extensive review of the literature revealed that despite
the intuitive appeal of buffer strips, data demonstrating their efficacy is highly variable and most studies demonstrating significant
nutrient removal in buffer zones come from studies undertaken in riparian buffers greater than 30 m wide. These
buffers are much wider than what land managers can typically expect farmers to remove from active production in order to
protect water quality. Research attempting to demonstrate the efficacy of riparian buffers needs to focus on buffer widths
that are within the range that landowners are likely to “give up” in the name of water quality protection. Lack of experimental
evidence from buffers in the 1- to 10-m width range typically encountered on farms makes it difficult to draw definitive
conclusions about the efficacy of riparian buffers in agricultural areas.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Collins, R., McLeod, M., Hedley, M., Donnison, A., Close, M., Hanly, J., Horne, D., Ross, C., Davies-Colley, R., Bagshaw, C., & Matthews, L. (2007)
Best management practices to mitigate faecal contamination by livestock of New Zealand waters
Title: Best management practices to mitigate faecal contamination by livestock of New Zealand waters
Authors: Collins, R., McLeod, M., Hedley, M., Donnison, A., Close, M., Hanly, J., Horne, D., Ross, C., Davies-Colley, R., Bagshaw, C., & Matthews, L.
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
Year: 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288230709510294
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1016
Abstract: This paper summarises findings from the
Pathogen Transmission Routes Research Program, describing pathogen pathways from farm animals to
water bodies and measures that can reduce or prevent
this transfer. Significant faecal contamination arises
through the deposition of faeces by grazing animals
directly into waterways in New Zealand. Bridging of
streams intersected by farm raceways is an appropriate
mitigation measure to prevent direct deposition
during herd crossings, whilst fencing stream banks
will prevent access from pasture into waterways by
cattle that are characteristically attracted to water.
Riparian buffer strips not only prevent cattle access
to waterways, they also entrap microbes from cattle
and other animals being washed down-slope towards
the stream in surface runoff. Microbial water quality
improvements can be realised by fencing stock from
ephemeral streams, wetlands, seeps, and riparian
paddocks that are prone to saturation. Soil type is a
key factor in the transfer of faecal microbes to waterways.
The avoidance of, or a reduction in, grazing
and irrigation upon poorly drained soils characterised
by high bypass flow and/or the generation of
surface runoff, are expected to improve microbial
water quality. Dairyshed wastewater should be irrigated
onto land only when the water storage capacity
of the soil will not be exceeded. This "deferred
irrigation" can markedly reduce pollutant transfer
to waterways, particularly that via subsurface drains
and groundwater. Advanced pond systems provide
excellent effluent quality and have particular application
where soil type and/or climate are unfavourable
for irrigation. Research needs are indicated to reduce
faecal contamination of waters by livestock.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Smith, R.K., & Sutherland, W.J. (2014)
Amphibian conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions
Title: Amphibian conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions
Authors: Smith, R.K., & Sutherland, W.J.
Journal: NA
Year: 2014
DOI: NA
Species or groups: Taipei frog
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/139
Abstract: NA
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Barling, R.D., & Moore, I.D. (1994)
Role of buffer strips in Management of waterway pollution: A review
Title: Role of buffer strips in Management of waterway pollution: A review
Authors: Barling, R.D., & Moore, I.D.
Journal: Environmental Management
Year: 1994
DOI: NA
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2882
Abstract: A buffer strip can perform a multitude of
functions, and these include channel stability, a filter for
sediment and nutrients, water purification (e.g., bacteria
and pathogens), a nondisturbance area, and the provision
of terrestrial and stream habitat. These functions are
reviewed with specific application to Australian conditions,
and methods for modeling their performance are outlined.
The primary focus is on the use of buffer strips to minimize
waterway pollution from diffuse sources since their use is
often justified on this basis. Particular attention is given to
the conditions under which a buffer strip will act as an
effective filter and the conditions under which it will fail.
Buffer strips are most effective when the flow is shallow
(nonsubmerged), slow, and enters the buffer strip
uniformly along its length. Their sediment trapping
performance decreases as the sediment particle size
decreases. Nutrients are often preferentially attached to
fine sediment. As a result, buffer strips are better filters of
sediment than of nutrients. Buffer strips should only be
considered as a secondary conservation practice after
controlling the generation of pollutants at their source and,
to be effective, buffer strips should always be carefully
designed, installed, and maintained
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Stutter, M.I., Chardon, W.J., & Kronvang, B. (2012)
Riparian buffer strips as a multifunctional management tool in agricultural landscapes: Introduction
Title: Riparian buffer strips as a multifunctional management tool in agricultural landscapes: Introduction
Authors: Stutter, M.I., Chardon, W.J., & Kronvang, B.
Journal: Journal of Environmental Quality
Year: 2012
DOI: NA
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2882
Abstract: Catchment riparian areas are considered key zones to target
mitigation measures aimed at interrupting the movement of
diff use substances from agricultural land to surface waters. Hence,
unfertilized buffer strips have become a widely studied and
implemented “edge of fi eld” mitigation measure assumed to provide
an eff ective physical barrier against nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
and sediment transfer. To ease the legislative process, these buff ers
are often narrow mandatory strips along streams and rivers, across
diff erent riparian soil water conditions, between bordering land
uses of diff ering pollution burdens, and without prescribed buff er
management. It would be easy to criticize such regulation for not
providing the opportunity for riparian ecosystems to maximize
their provision for a wider range of ecosystem goods and services.
Th e scientifi c basis for judging the best course of action in designing
and placing buff ers to enhance their multifunctionality has slowly
increased over the last fi ve years. Th is collection of papers aims
to add to this body of knowledge by giving examples of studies
related to riparian buff er management and assessment throughout
Europe. Th is introductory paper summarizes discussion sessions
and 13 selected papers from a workshop held in Ballater, UK,
highlighting research on riparian buff ers brought together under
the EU COST Action 869 knowledge exchange program. Th e
themes addressed are (i) evidence of catchment- to national-scale
eff ectiveness, (ii) ecological functioning linking terrestrial and
aquatic habitats, (iii) modeling tools for assessment of eff ectiveness
and costs, and (iv) process understanding enabling management
and manipulation to enhance pollutant retention in buff ers. Th e
combined understanding led us to consider four principle key
questions to challenge buff er strip research and policy.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Parkyn, S. (2004)
Review of riparian buffer zone effectiveness
Title: Review of riparian buffer zone effectiveness
Authors: Parkyn, S.
Journal: NA
Year: 2004
DOI: NA
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2882; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2284
Abstract: The purpose of this report is to review and summarise published research on the efficiency and management of riparian buffer zones (RBZ) with respect to the attenuation of sediment and nutrients, and biodiversity enhancement. While there have been numerous studies on the efficiency of RBZ with respect to sediment and nutrients, many of these studies have been small-scale and site-specific. Therefore, a review of these studies needs to consider an assessment of the catchment scale factors that influence the effectiveness of RBZ in attenuating catchment loads.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Taylor Lovell, S. & Sullivan, W.C. (2006)
Environmental benefits of conservation buffers in the United States: Evidence, promise, and open questions
Title: Environmental benefits of conservation buffers in the United States: Evidence, promise, and open questions
Authors: Taylor Lovell, S. & Sullivan, W.C.
Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Year: 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.002
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2882
Abstract: Conservation buffers can have a tremendously positive impact on the ecological health of rural landscapes by reducing erosion, improving
water quality, increasing biodiversity, and expanding wildlife habitats. Yet, in spite of our knowledge of their value, conservation buffers have
not been fully embraced by landowners, or even by policy makers in the United States (US). In this critical review, we examine why
conservation buffers remain underutilized in US agroecosystems. We examine the literature on the environmental benefits of buffers, the
economic issues related to buffer adoption, and the importance of the aesthetic quality and design of buffers.We propose that many questions
related to buffer design and management remain unanswered, and suggest a variety of areas in which future research is necessary to improve
buffer functionality and adoption. The implications of this synthesis for designers, planners, scientists, policy makers, and citizens are
discussed. Recommendations include: modifying policies to better reflect the preferences of landowners and society, studying buffer systems
at the watershed scale using multidisciplinary approaches, and designing buffers that consider aesthetic preferences and regional variation.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Rowiński, P.M., Västilä, K., Aberle, J., Järvelä, J., & Kalinowska, M.B. (2018)
How vegetation can aid in coping with river management challenges: A brief review
Title: How vegetation can aid in coping with river management challenges: A brief review
Authors: Rowiński, P.M., Västilä, K., Aberle, J., Järvelä, J., & Kalinowska, M.B.
Journal: Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology
Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.07.003
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/2882
Abstract: New sustainable, cost-effective solutions are urgently needed for river management since
conventional practices have posed serious ecological threats on streams, rivers and the
surrounding riparian areas. Besides addressing the societal needs e.g. for flood
management, river management should increasingly address the ecosystem requirements
for improved water quality and biodiversity. We argue that it is not feasible to solve
existing and future river management challenges with intensive restoration projects.
Instead, we believe that less resource-intensive solutions using natural channel processes
and features, including vegetation, should be investigated. Besides directly supporting
biota, aquatic and riparian vegetation traps, takes up and helps to process nutrients and
harmful substances, and thus this paper emphasizes vegetation as a tool for nature-based
solutions (NBS) in river management. We synthesize findings from key literature, showing
that the fate of substances in channel systems is largely controlled by abiotic and biotic
processes facilitated and modified by vegetation, including flow hydrodynamics, channel
morphology, and sediment transport. Subsequently, we demonstrate how vegetation can
be incorporated into channel designs, focusing on a two-stage (compound) design to
improve resilience to flooding, control the transport of substances, and enhance the
ecological status. As a conclusion, clever use and maintenance of vegetation present an
unused potential to obtain large-scale positive environmental impacts in rivers and
streams experiencing anthropogenic pressures.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Ahmad, Z.U., Sakib, S., & Gang, D.D. (2016)
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Title: Nonpoint Source Pollution
Authors: Ahmad, Z.U., Sakib, S., & Gang, D.D.
Journal: Water Environment Research
Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2175/106143016X14696400495497
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/3166; https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/802
Abstract: Research advances on non-point source
pollution in the year 2015 have been depicted in this review
paper. Nonpoint source pollution is mainly caused by
agricultural runoff, urban stormwater, and atmospheric
deposition. Modeling techniques of NPS with different
tools are reviewed in this article.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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