+
Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P. A., & Leusch, F. D. (2016)
Wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics: review of the fate, chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic organisms
Title: Wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics: review of the fate, chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic organisms
Authors: Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P. A., & Leusch, F. D.
Journal: Water Science & Technology
Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.414
Species or groups: Mussels, Common goby, copepod, isopods, European Sea bass, microalgae, lugworm
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent has been identified as a potential source of
microplastics in the aquatic environment. Microplastics have recently been detected in wastewater
effluent in Western Europe, Russia and the US. As there are only a handful of studies on microplastics
in wastewater, it is difficult to accurately determine the contribution of wastewater effluent as a
source of microplastics. However, even the small amounts of microplastics detected in wastewater
effluent may be a remarkable source given the large volumes of wastewater treatment effluent
discharged to the aquatic environment annually. Further, there is strong evidence that microplastics
can interact with wastewater-associated contaminants, which has the potential to transport
chemicals to aquatic organisms after exposure to contaminated microplastics. In this review we
apply lessons learned from the literature on microplastics in the aquatic environment and knowledge
on current wastewater treatment technologies with the aim of identifying the research gaps in terms
of (i) the fate of microplastics in WWTPs, (ii) the potential interaction of wastewater-based
microplastics with trace organic contaminants and metals, and (iii) the risk for aquatic organisms.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D. E., & Bogan, M. T. (2020)
Release of treated effluent into streams: A global review of ecological impacts with a consideration of its potential use for environmental flows.
Title: Release of treated effluent into streams: A global review of ecological impacts with a consideration of its potential use for environmental flows.
Authors: Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D. E., & Bogan, M. T.
Journal: Freshwater Biology
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13519
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: 1. Worldwide, the addition of treated wastewater (i.e. effluent) to streams is becoming more common as urban populations grow and developing countries increase their use of wastewater treatment plants. Release of treated effluent can impair water quality and ecological communities, but also could help restore flow and maintain aquatic habitat in water‐stressed regions. To assess this range of potential outcomes, we conducted a global review of studies from effluent‐fed streams to examine the impacts of effluent on water quality and aquatic and riparian biota. 2. We identified 147 quantitative studies of effluent‐fed streams, most of which were from the U.S.A. and Europe. Over 85% of the studies identified water quality as a primary study focus, including basic physical and chemical parameters, as well as trace organic contaminants. Nearly 60% of the studies had at least some focus on aquatic or riparian biota, primarily fish, aquatic invertebrates, and basal resources (e.g. algae). 3. Effluent inputs generally impaired water quality near discharge points, mainly through increased water temperature, nutrients, and concentrations of trace organic contaminants, but also via decreased dissolved oxygen levels. The majority of ecological studies found that basal resources, aquatic invertebrates, and fish were negatively affected in a variety of ways (e.g. biodiversity losses, replacement of sensitive with tolerant species). However, several studies showed the importance of effluent in providing environmental flows to streams that had been dewatered by anthropogenic water withdrawals, especially in semi‐arid and arid regions. 4. Knowledge gaps identified include the abiotic impacts of effluent, such as changes in channel morphology and hydrology (e.g. how nutrient‐rich and warmer effluent affects infiltration rates or interactions with groundwater), the effects of effluent on plants and vertebrates (e.g. amphibians, birds), and the impact of effluent‐induced perennialisation on naturally intermittent or ephemeral streams. 5. Although effluent‐fed streams often exhibit signs of ecological impairment, there is great potential for these systems to serve as refuges of aquatic biodiversity and corridors of ecological connectivity when wastewater treatment standards are high, especially in semi‐arid and arid regions where natural streams have been dewatered.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Kumwimba, M.N., Meng, F., Iseyemi, O., Moore, M.T., Bo, Z., Tao, W., Liang, T.J., & Ilunga, L. (2018)
Removal of non-point source pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural runoff by vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs): Design, mechanism, management strategies, and future directions
Title: Removal of non-point source pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural runoff by vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs): Design, mechanism, management strategies, and future directions
Authors: Kumwimba, M.N., Meng, F., Iseyemi, O., Moore, M.T., Bo, Z., Tao, W., Liang, T.J., & Ilunga, L.
Journal: Science of the Total Environment
Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.184
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff are increasingly viewed as major threats to both aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems due to the introduction of non-point source inorganic (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus and metals)
and organic (e.g., pesticides and pharmaceutical residues) pollutants. With rapid economic growth and social
change in rural regions, it is important to examine the treatment systems in rural and remote areas for high efficiency,
lowrunning costs, and minimalmaintenance in order tominimize its influence onwater bodies and biodiversity.
Recently, the use of vegetated drainage ditches (VDDs) has been employed in treatment of domestic
sewage and agricultural runoff, but information on the performance of VDDs for treating these pollutants with
various new management practices is still not sufficiently summarized. This paper aims to outline and review
current knowledge related to the use of VDDs inmitigating these pollutants from domestic sewage and agricultural
runoff. Literature analysis has suggested that further research should be carried out to improve ditch characteristics
and management strategies inside ditches in order to ensure their effectiveness. Firstly, the reported
major ditch characteristics with the most effect on pollutant removal processes (e.g., plant species, weirs,
biofilms, and substrates selection)were summarized. The second focus concerns the function of ditch characteristics
in VDDs for pollutant removal and identification of possible removal mechanisms involved. Thirdly, we examined factors to consider for establishing appropriate management strategies within ditches and how these
could influence the whole ditch design process. The current review promotes areas where future research is
needed and highlights clear and sufficient evidence regarding performance and application of this overlooked
ditch system to reduce pollutants.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Tijani, J.O., Fatoba, O.O., Madzivire, G., & Petrik, L.F. (2014)
A review of combined advanced oxidation technologies for the removal of organic pollutants from water
Title: A review of combined advanced oxidation technologies for the removal of organic pollutants from water
Authors: Tijani, J.O., Fatoba, O.O., Madzivire, G., & Petrik, L.F.
Journal: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
Year: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2102-y
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Water pollution through natural and anthropogenic
activities has become a global problem causing
short-and long-term impact on human and ecosystems.
Substantial quantity of individual or mixtures of organic
pollutants enter the surface water via point and nonpoint
sources and thus affect the quality of freshwater. These
pollutants are known to be toxic and difficult to remove
by mere biological treatment. To date, most researches
on the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater
were based on the exploitation of individual treatment
process. This single-treatment technology has inherent
challenges and shortcomings with respect to efficiency
and economics. Thus, application of two advanced treatment
technologies characterized with high efficiency
with respect to removal of primary and disinfection
by-products in wastewater is desirable. This review
article focuses on the application of integrated technologies
such as electrohydraulic discharge with heterogeneous
photocatalysts or sonophotocatalysis to remove
target pollutants. The information gathered from more
than 100 published articles, mostly laboratories studies,
shows that process integration effectively remove and
degrade recalcitrant toxic contaminants in wastewater
better than single-technology processing. This review
recommends an improvement on this technology (integrated
electrohydraulic discharge with heterogeneous
photocatalysts) viz-a-vis cost reduction in order to make
it accessible and available in the rural and semi-urban
settlement. Further recommendation includes development
of an economic model to establish the cost implications
of the combined technology. Proper monitoring,
enforcement of the existing environmental regulations,
and upgrading of current wastewater treatment plants
with additional treatment steps such as photocatalysis
and ozonation will greatly assist in the removal of
environmental toxicants.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Alhaj, M., Mohammed, S., Darwish, M., Hassan, A., & Al-Ghamdi, S.G. (2017)
A review of Qatar's water resources, consumption and virtual water trade
Title: A review of Qatar's water resources, consumption and virtual water trade
Authors: Alhaj, M., Mohammed, S., Darwish, M., Hassan, A., & Al-Ghamdi, S.G.
Journal: Desalinitation and Water Treatment
Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21246
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Qatar is an arid land with very scarce natural freshwater resources. Its groundwater resources are limited
and are being heavily depleted by inefficient irrigation methods and the growing population. As
a result, Qatar relies primarily on desalination of seawater. Accurate assessment of water resources,
consumption levels and virtual water trade is the first step in formulating an effective water resources
management policy. This paper, hence, reviews the renewable and non-renewable water resources and
the disaggregated consumption trends as well virtual water trade in Qatar. The total groundwater produced
internally is 56 Mm3/year and its consumption rate is 250 Mm3/year which is mainly dominated
by farms. The agricultural sector consumes 91% of all renewable water resources in Qatar. The total
desalination capacity is 1.4 Mm3/d which is primarily from thermal desalination plants. Water consumption
rate is 200 m3/capita/year. Regarding virtual water trade, it was found that Qatar is a net
virtual water importer and imports an average of 1.35 billion m3/year of virtual water. The per capita
water footprint is 1,554 m3/capita/year. We recommend that the water conservation efforts in Qatar
should follow an integrated approach taking into account supply as well as demand side management.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Lofrano, G., & Meri, S. (2019)
A review on occurrence, measurement, toxicitiy and tannin removal processes from wastewaters
Title: A review on occurrence, measurement, toxicitiy and tannin removal processes from wastewaters
Authors: Lofrano, G., & Meri, S.
Journal: Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2019.012
Species or groups: Catla, Common carp, Daphnia, brine shrimp, freshwater green algae, garden cress, ide
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: A wide range and globally active agro-industries such as olive oil processing, winery, tannery, textile and food production discharge
a large volume of wastewater containing tannins. Tannins are complex structured chemicals which cause high organic content,
requiring high dissolved oxygen in wastewater treatment plants or producing oxygen depletion in the aquatic environment. Tannins
are known to be hardly degraded in biological treatment. There has been evidence that the presence of natural tannins can, to some
extent, form antioxidant potential in wastewater while their degradation products can interact with the oxidants used in the treatment
or final disinfection, the final effluent can display toxicity to aquatic species as well. Therefore, there has been a progressive but
still to a limited extent of search to remove these compounds effectively. Several processes including physico-chemical, adsorption
biological treatment, membranes treatment and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozone, electrocoagulation, UV/H2O2,
Fenton processes, photocatalysis have been attempted to treat tannins in general as integrated to biological processes. This paper
aims to present a critical review of the chemistry, as well as sources of tannins in industrial wastewater and gives informative data
on their toxicity. It finally reviews treatment methods with their descriptive data on their efficacy to remove the tannins from
different origin wastewater.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Mohapatra, D.P., & Kirpalani, D.M. (2019)
Advancements in treatment of wastewater: Fate of emerging contaminants
Title: Advancements in treatment of wastewater: Fate of emerging contaminants
Authors: Mohapatra, D.P., & Kirpalani, D.M.
Journal: The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23533
Species or groups: Bacteria, invertebrates, fish
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: The scarcity of industrial and domestic use water has become an important issue as industrial operations and localized pollution have burgeoned
over the last decade. Wastewater (WW) treatment for recycling and reuse is gaining importance as an alternate source of water supply to
circumvent water shortages. Wastewater treatment requires thorough planning, design, construction, and management of treatment facilities in
order to discharge the treated water to the aquatic environment or for recycling and reuse. One detrimental effect of growing populations and
urbanization has been the release of many persistent emerging contaminants (ECs) to the environment, mainly detected in WW. The entry of
these ECs to the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may cause different ecological risks such as reproductive
toxicity, endocrine disruption, and microbial resistance. The quantification of ECs (in ng or pg level) in complex matrices, such as WW samples
recognized through non‐target screening approaches, has played a key role in the planning and design of water treatment facilities. The purpose
of this review is to provide information about advancements in wastewater treatment technologies such as constructed wetland (CW) and
advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the fate of emerging contaminants during these treatments. Further, this review also reports the
ecological effects of these contaminants and their by‐products formed during various advanced WW treatment processes. The review also
discusses advancements in different analytical techniques for the analysis of ECs in WW.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Nannou, C., Ofrydopoulou, A., Evgenidou, E., Heath, D., Heath, E., & Lambropulou, D. (2020)
Antiviral drugs in aquatic environment and wastewater treatment plants: A review on occurrence, fate, removal and ecotoxicity
Title: Antiviral drugs in aquatic environment and wastewater treatment plants: A review on occurrence, fate, removal and ecotoxicity
Authors: Nannou, C., Ofrydopoulou, A., Evgenidou, E., Heath, D., Heath, E., & Lambropulou, D.
Journal: Science of the Total Environment
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134322
Species or groups: Crustaceans, fish (Mozambique tilapia), freshwater algae, daphnia
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: The environmental release of antiviral drugs is of considerable concern due to potential ecosystem alterations
and the development of antiviral resistance. As a result, interest on their occurrence and fate in
natural and engineered systems has grown substantially in recent years. The main scope of this review
is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the worldwide occurrence of antiviral drugs in
wastewaters and natural waters and correlate their levels with their environmental fate. According to the conducted literature survey, few monitoring data exists for several European countries, such as
Germany, France, and the UK. Lesser data are available for Asia, where approximately 80% of the studies
focus on Japan. Several articles study the occurrence of mostly antiretroantivirals in sub-Saharan African
countries, while there is a lack of data for other developing regions of the world, including the rest of
Africa, South America, and the biggest part of Asia. An importantly smaller number of studies exists
for North America, while no studies exist for Oceania. The against innfluenza drug oseltamivir along with
its active carboxy metabolite is found to be the most studied antiviral drug. The distribution of antiviral
drugs across all geographic regions varies from low ng L_x0003_1 to high lg L_x0003_1 levels, in some cases, even in
surface waters. This overarching review reveals that monitoring of antiviral drugs is necessary, and some
of those compounds may require toxicological attention, in the light of either spatial and temporal high
concentration or potential antiviral resistance. Based on the information provided herein, the need for a
better understanding of the water quality hazards posed by antiviral drugs existence in wastewater outputs
and freshwater ecosystems is demosntrated. Finally, the future challenges concerning the occurrence,
fate, and potential ecotoxicological risk to organisms posed by antiviral drug residues are
discussed
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Sotelo, T.F., Satoh, H., & Mino, T. (2019)
Assessing wastewater management in the developing countries of Southeast Asia: Underlining flexibility in appropriateness
Title: Assessing wastewater management in the developing countries of Southeast Asia: Underlining flexibility in appropriateness
Authors: Sotelo, T.F., Satoh, H., & Mino, T.
Journal: Journal of Water and Environment Technology
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.19-006
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: The majority of the Southeast Asian region is composed of developing countries with urban, peri-urban,
and rural areas whose anticipated change in wastewater treatment demand necessitates improvement
in wastewater management. The narrative relating to the present scenario has been constructed via a
rapid review structure using various literature concerning the state of wastewater management in the
Southeast Asian region. Existing wastewater technology systems in the region have been studied in
order to identify challenges in improving wastewater management. Several barriers across technology
systems have been identified which shows that offering either centralised, decentralised, or cluster
technology systems as one solution is not enough to address changing future demands for wastewater
treatment. Thus, flexibility has been identified through the discussion as a key concept for proposing
technology systems in regions where future demands require solutions in the present. We propose
that investments in wastewater management in the developing countries of Southeast Asia require a
perspective that focuses not only on what is appropriate for the present demand but also for the future.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Carey, R.O., & Migliaccio, K.W. (2009)
Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: A review
Title: Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: A review
Authors: Carey, R.O., & Migliaccio, K.W.
Journal: Environmental Management
Year: 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9309-5
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen
and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water
quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges
from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to
United States (U.S.) freshwater systems. While urban and
agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient
contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs
can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating
hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient
processes. Population growth, increased wastewater
volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have
all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater
treatment. Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater
is an important aspect of water quality management
because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent
water bodies from meeting designated uses. WWTPs
employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological
methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient
removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure
that may be economically prohibitive. Therefore, effluent
nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular
processes used to treat influent wastewater. Increasingly
stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in
discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand
in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive
water recycling programs within many U.S. regions. Reuse
programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate
direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while
allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. However,
nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for
reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape
irrigation.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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Luan, X., Liu, X., Fang, C., Chu, W., & Xu, Z. (2020)
Ecotoxicological effects of disinfected wastewater effluents: A short review of in vivo toxicity bioassays on aquatic organisms
Title: Ecotoxicological effects of disinfected wastewater effluents: A short review of in vivo toxicity bioassays on aquatic organisms
Authors: Luan, X., Liu, X., Fang, C., Chu, W., & Xu, Z.
Journal: Environmental Science Water Research & Technology
Year: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00290a
Species or groups: Freshwater green algae, Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, zebrafish, Chironomus xanthus, Conrad's false mussel, Zebra mussel
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Wastewater disinfection has attracted attention with regard to fecal–oral transmission during the current
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Disinfection reduces the risk posed by waterborne
pathogens; however, it threatens ecological safety. Comprising residual disinfectants, disinfection
byproducts (DBPs), and other contaminants, disinfected wastewater effluents have a negative impact on
aquatic organisms as well as on the balance of the aquatic ecosystem of the recipient water body. Here,
we reviewed the in vivo toxicity bioassays of disinfected wastewater effluents on the aquatic organisms at
different trophic levels, including freshwater organisms and marine organisms. Associated variables, i.e.,
total suspended solids (TSSs), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), residual disinfectants, and features of the effluent
(water temperature and sampling season), can significantly influence the results of these in vivo toxicity
bioassays. Each typical test organism has its own pros and cons, where the species type, life stages, and
test endpoints have crucial influences on the bioassays; therefore, they should be taken into account
before and during the studies on ecotoxicological effects. More efforts should be expended toward
conducting more practical bioassays involving the scenarios of the recipient water body in order to better
simulate real ecotoxicological effects of disinfected wastewater effluents; extended exposure time should
be considered to gain additional insights into the long-term or pass-generation ecotoxicological effects,
approaching true levels in the recipient water body.
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4.1
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4.2
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4.3
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5.1
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Shon H.K., Vigneswaran, S., & Snyder, S.A. (2006)
Effluent organic matter (EfOM) in wastewater: Constituents, effects, and treatment
Title: Effluent organic matter (EfOM) in wastewater: Constituents, effects, and treatment
Authors: Shon H.K., Vigneswaran, S., & Snyder, S.A.
Journal: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
Year: 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600580011
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Wastewater reuse is being increasingly emphasized as a strategy
for conservation of limited resources of freshwater and as a mean
of safeguarding the aquatic environment due to contaminants
present in wastewater. Although secondary and tertiary treated
wastewater is often discharged into surface waters, it cannot be
reused without further treatment. One of the parameters of concern
for human and environmental health is components of organic
matter originating from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
effluents. This effluent organic matter (EfOM) should be carefully
characterized in order to find an optimum treatment method for
water reuse. This review presents the components of EfOM present
in WWTP effluents and various treatment methods that may be
employed for reduction of EfOM. These processes include flocculation,
adsorption, biofiltration, ion exchange, advanced oxidation
process, and membrane technology. The removal efficiency is
discussed in terms of removal of total organic carbon, endocrinedisrupting
chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care
products (PPCPs), different polarity fractions (such as hydrophobic
and hydrophilic), and molecular weight distribution of organic
matter.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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4.2
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4.3
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5.1
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5.2
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6.1
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6.2
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6.3
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7.1
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7.2
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7.3
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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1.1
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2.1
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2.2
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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4.2
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Petrovic, M., Jose Lopez de Alda, M., Diaz-Cruz, S., Postigo, C., Radjenovic, J., Gros, M., & Barcelo, D. (2009)
Fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in conventional and membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plants and by riverbank filtration
Title: Fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in conventional and membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plants and by riverbank filtration
Authors: Petrovic, M., Jose Lopez de Alda, M., Diaz-Cruz, S., Postigo, C., Radjenovic, J., Gros, M., & Barcelo, D.
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
Year: 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0105
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and drugs of abuse (DAs) are two
important groups of emerging environmental contaminants that have raised an increasing
interest in the scientific community. A number of studies revealed their presence
in the environment. This is mainly due to the fact that some compounds are not
efficiently removed during wastewater treatment processes, being able to reach surface
and groundwater and subsequently, drinking waters.
This paper reviews the data regarding the levels of pharmaceuticals and illicit
drugs detected in wastewaters and gives an overview of their removal by conventional
treatment technologies (applying activated sludge) as well as advanced treatments such
as membrane bioreactor. The paper also gives an overview of bank filtration practices at
managed aquifer recharge sites and discusses the potential of this approach to mitigate
the contamination by PhACs and DAs
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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4.2
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4.3
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5.1
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6.1
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6.2
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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2.1
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2.2
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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4.2
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5.1
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Jardak, K., Drogui, P., & Daghrir, R. (2016)
Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurence, behaviour, and treatment processes
Title: Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurence, behaviour, and treatment processes
Authors: Jardak, K., Drogui, P., & Daghrir, R.
Journal: Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5803-x
Species or groups: Rainbow trout, Fathead minnow, Bluegill, midge, water flea, Asian clam, amphipods, freshwater green algae, duckweed
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Surfactants belong to a group of chemicals that are
well known for their cleaning properties. Their excessive use
as ingredients in care products (e.g., shampoos, body wash)
and in household cleaning products (e.g., dishwashing detergents,
laundry detergents, hard-surface cleaners) has led to the
discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic and
terrestrial environment. Once reached in the different environmental
compartments (rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments), surfactants
can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. The
most studied surfactants so far are linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
(LAS), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs),
alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEOs), and alcohol ethoxylate
(AEOs). Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters can
range between few micrograms to hundreds of milligrams in
some cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge used for
soil amendments in agricultural areas. Above the legislation
standards, surfactants can be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial
organisms which make treatment processes necessary before
their discharge into the environment. Given this fact, biological
and chemical processes should be considered for better
surfactants removal. In this review, we investigate several issues
with regard to: (1) the toxicity of surfactants in the environment,
(2) their behavior in different ecological systems, (3)
and the different treatment processes used in wastewater treatment
plants in order to reduce the effects of surfactants on
living organisms.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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6.1
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6.2
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6.3
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7.1
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7.2
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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1.1
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2.1
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2.2
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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4.2
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5.1
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Michael, I., Rizzo, L., McArdell, C.S., Manaia, C.M., Merlin, C., Schwartz, T., Dagot, C., & Fatta-Kassinos, D. (2013)
Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environments: A review
Title: Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environments: A review
Authors: Michael, I., Rizzo, L., McArdell, C.S., Manaia, C.M., Merlin, C., Schwartz, T., Dagot, C., & Fatta-Kassinos, D.
Journal: Water Research
Year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.027
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the main sources of antibiotics’ release into various compartments of the environment worldwide. The aim of the present paper is to critically review the fate and removal of various antibiotics in wastewater treatment, focusing on different processes (i.e. biological processes, advanced treatment technologies and disinfection) in view of the current concerns related to the induction of toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and the occurrence of antibiotics that may promote the selection of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria, as reported in the literature. Where available, estimations of the removal of antibiotics are provided along with the main treatment steps. The removal efficiency during wastewater treatment processes varies and is mainly dependent on a combination of antibiotics’ physicochemical properties and the operating conditions of the treatment systems. As a result, the application of alternative techniques including membrane processes, activated carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and combinations of them, which may lead to higher removals, may be 35 necessary before the final disposal of the effluents or their reuse for irrigation or groundwater recharge.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Okoffo, E.D., O'Brien, S., O'Brien, J.W., Tscharke, B.J., & Thomas, K.V. (2019)
Wastewater treatment plants as a source of plastics in the environment: A review of occurrence, methods for identification, quantification and fate
Title: Wastewater treatment plants as a source of plastics in the environment: A review of occurrence, methods for identification, quantification and fate
Authors: Okoffo, E.D., O'Brien, S., O'Brien, J.W., Tscharke, B.J., & Thomas, K.V.
Journal: Environmental Science Water Research & Technology
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00428a
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Plastics accumulate in the natural environment due to their durability and low recycling volumes.
Wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) have been identified as important sources for the release of plastics
into aquatic and terrestrial environments that may lead to further contamination. This review provides a
comprehensive summary of current knowledge on plastic pollution from WWTPs. Specifically, this article
presents the current status on the sources of plastics entering WWTPs via influent, the occurrence of
plastics in WWTP influent, treated effluent and sewage sludge as well as the techniques used for sampling
and analysing plastics in WWTP derived samples. The fate and transfer of plastics from WWTPs to aquatic
and terrestrial ecosystems is also discussed. While various studies have reported the presence of plastics in
WWTP samples, which have certainly improved our level of understanding on the fate of plastics within the
WWTP treatment chain, many unanswered questions still remain. A major gap is the lack of standardized
methods and robust analytical techniques for the sampling, identification and quantification of plastics
including nano-sized plastics in WWTP derived samples, leading to the potential underestimation of total
plastics. To aid comparison of data generated by different researchers, we advocate for the harmonisation
of sampling approaches, extraction methods, analytical techniques and reporting units for plastics
abundance. Future studies should focus on enhanced methods that can also include estimates of nanosized
plastics.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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Ayenew, A.W. (2016)
Review paper on "Irrigation Water Pollution and Its Minimization Measures"
Title: Review paper on "Irrigation Water Pollution and Its Minimization Measures"
Authors: Ayenew, A.W.
Journal: Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
Year: 2016
DOI: NA
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Water is a scarce resource, thus, any reuse of water is desirable, as long as the costs associated with the reuse is
less than the benefits of using it. The environmental and socioeconomic aspects of irrigation water pollution
were becoming a serious problem worldwide. The quality of surface and groundwater in shallow open wells has
deteriorated and the application of polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of
soils. Outbreaks of waterborne diseases are also a growing concern. The economic value of changes in water
quality is an important component of economic assessment of policies to reduce pollution from agricultural
production. Farmers can take many steps to reduce loadings of agricultural pollutants to water resources. But
improvements in water quality from farmer’s efforts to reduce pollutant loadings often take years to detect and
document. Aquifers may take decades to show improvements in quality after management is improved. This has
implications for the design of monitoring necessary to assess the effectiveness of water quality policies and
programs. This study found that both structural and management practices are available for managing water and
chemical inputs more efficiently or controlling runoff to minimize irrigation water pollutions. Those practices
include efficient irrigation water management, integrated pest management, comprehensive nutrient management
planning, animal waste management, conservation Agriculture and Industrial waste, sewage and storm water
pretreatment.
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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van den Brandeler, F., Gupta, J., & Hordijk, M. (2019)
Megacities and rivers: Scalar mismatches between urban water management and river basin management
Title: Megacities and rivers: Scalar mismatches between urban water management and river basin management
Authors: van den Brandeler, F., Gupta, J., & Hordijk, M.
Journal: Journal of Hydrology
Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.001
Species or groups: NA
Other sources of evidence: https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1014
Abstract: Due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic drivers, megacities and metropolises around
the world face increasing water challenges, such as water scarcity, degradation of water resources and
water-related risks such as flooding. Climate change is expected to put additional stress on already
strained metropolitan water management systems. Although there is considerable research on river basin
management and on urban water management, there is hardly any on metropolitan water management.
Similarly, as urban water generally emerges from and returns to river basins, it is surprising how little
literature there is that explicitly connects these two spheres of governance. Hence this review paper
addresses the: What does a review of the literature tell us about the overlap and reconciliation between
the concepts of Integrated Water Resources/River Basin Management and Metropolitan/Urban Water
Management, particularly in relation to megacities? Based on an extensive literature review, this paper
concludes that the key differences between the two are in relation to their overarching framework, scope,
inputs and outputs of water and in relation to dealing with extreme weather events. The literature review
reveals how sustainable and integrated urban water management increasingly adopt principles and
rhetoric from integrated water resource management, this has yet to translate into significant changing
practices on the ground. Urban water management still often occurs independently of river basin issues.
Achieving coherence between river basin management and sustainable/integrated urban water management
is even more difficult in metropolises and megacities, because the latter consists of multiple
political-administrative units. The article concludes that the scalar mismatch between river basin management
and metropolitan/megacity water governance deserves much greater attention than it currently
receives in the academic and policy debates
Assessment of reliability and robustness (CEESAT)
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2.1
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3.1
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3.2
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4.1
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6.2
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7.1
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7.2
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8.1
Assessment of relevance to Canada (RASCAT)
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4.1
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5.1
